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标题: 四川外国语大学211翻译硕士英语历年考研真题及详解 [打印本页]

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标题: 四川外国语大学211翻译硕士英语历年考研真题及详解
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2013年四川外国语大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2012年四川外国语大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2011年四川外国语大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2010年四川外国语大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题
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2013年四川外国语大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
I. Fill inthe blanks in the following sentences with the appropriate words derived fromthe words given in parentheses at the end of the sentences. (10%)
1. Thegovernment fretted that the ______ had illegally got the technology for making nuclearweapons. (terror)
2. Arecent study says women easily form negative attitude to other women, while onthe other hand men are more ______ of their peers. (tolerate)
3. A manof learning, if he does not wish to ______ himself, must never cease toparticipate in public affairs. (grade)
4. Wastesonly become pollutants when their levels rise to the point at which nature’s______ systems are overwhelmed and can no longer cope. (pure)
5. The childlet out a scream and then shrieked ______. “Stop it! Stop it! You’re killingme!” (hysteria)
6. Apartfrom adding to the economic ______ of society, unemployment results in dissatisfiedand frustrated individuals who are forced by circumstances to remain unproductive.(balance)
7. What hewants to spell out in his book is the corruption of the rich and their ______ desirefor more money and power. (satiate)
8. The oneindustry ______ by the general depression of trade is the beauty industrybecause American women continue to spend on their faces and bodies. (affect)
9. Themost ______ and largest German liner to be built since the war was launched at Hamburg. (luxury)
10. Womenpredominate in the lower-paying, menial, unrewarding, dead-end jobs, and when theydo reach better positions, they are ______ paid less than a man for the samejob. (vary)
II. Foreach sentence below there are four choices A, B, C, and D. Choose the answerthat BEST completes the sentence. Then write the correct letter on the AnswerSheet. (20%)
11. Thestorm sweeping over this area now is sure to cause ______ of vegetables in the comingyear.
A. scarcity
B. variety
C. rarity
D. invalidity
12. Theconnoisseurs’ opinions differed greatly as to the question whether the pictureon show was a(n) ______ Picasso painting.
A. explicit
B. reliable
C. stringent
D. authentic
13. Todaysurgery is more concerned with repairing and ______ functions than with the removalof organs.
A. redesigning
B. reviewing
C. restoring
D. reserving
14. Theeffect is ______, he said, because sleep-restricted people report not feelingsleepy, even though their performance on tasks declines markedly.
A.pennissive
B.permissible
C.permutable
D. pernicious
15. Allhuman communication experts agree that we use both verbal and nonverbal methodsto ______ message to each other.
A. transfer
B. convert
C. modify
D. convey
16. Withits power of displaying a reality that has no ______ existence, the mirrorcould symbolize the mystery of the universe.
A. unreal
B. surreal
C. tangible
D. pragmatic
17. Jobfairs are usually very lively and informal, and you can roam ______, surveyingwhat is on offer and gathering literature on jobs you might not have consideredin the everyday run of things.
A. at rest
B. at peace
C. at leisure
D. at speed
18. Inchildren’s story books, a policeman is sometimes depicted as a ______ figurebut, as a matter of fact, he is very helpful in enforcing law and order.
A.pompous
B.courageous
C.gallant
D. staunch
19. Themotion picture is only a series of still photographs which are ______ andviewed in rapid succession to create the illusion of movement and continuity.
A. sliced
B. spliced
C. split
D. spilt
20. Thereare certain pairs of words which illustrate the way in which sexualconnotations are given to feminine words while the masculine words retain aserious businesslike ______.
A. look
B. aura
C. sensation
D. facade
21. Intheir productions, choreographers of modem dance have introduced humor,protested social injustice, and ______ psychological problems.
A. solved
B. exacerbated
C. probed
D. interfered
22. Rightup until the 19th century, physicians and philosophers regarded sleep as astate of near ______ in which there was no mental activity, a kind of halfwaystage between wakefulness and death.
A.oblivion
B.fantasy
C.allusion
D.illusion
23.Associated with the issue of enabling older people to be active participants ina country’s development is the need for lifelong learning programs to ______ membersof the ageing population to find employment.
A. empower
B. entrust
C. embed
D. entice
24. Theparents are ______ towards the issue as to whether their child should walk toschool or the father should drive him to school.
A.ambivalent
B.ambiguous
C.arbitrary
D. approximate
25.However, there is some evidence that culturally ______ management result inhigher and better business performance as well as increased competitiveness.
A. congenital
B. coincident
C. contingent
D. congruent
26. All thepeople in the stadium cheered up when they saw hundreds of colorful balloons______ slowly into the sky.
A. ascending
B. elevating
C. escalating
D. increasing
27. His office is ______ to the President’s; it usually takes himabout three minutes to get there.
A. related
B. adhesive
C. adherent
D. adjacent
28. Thesemelodious folk songs are generally ______ to Smith, a very important musicianof the century.
A. committed
B. contributed
C. ascribed
D. composed
29. As agifted writer, an ______ politician, a penetrating thinker, he stood far abovethe intellectual movement of which he become the leader.
A. inherent
B. ingenious
C. indigenous
D. indulgent
30. At theinaugural address yesterday the President got his most enthusiastic ______ applausewhen he talked about tax cuts which would help revive the economy.
A. simultaneous
B. spontaneous
C. homogenous
D. heterogeneous
III. Reading Comprehension (40%)
Reading Passage 1
Questions 31—40 are based on the following reading passage.
A One of the mostpivotal moments in American literature occurred near the end of the nineteenthcentury as authors such as a young man named Stephen Crane began to embrace aliterary style forged in Europe a bit earlier and which would come to be knownas naturalism. Crane was born to parents in the ministry and grew up in ahousehold grounded in religious beliefs and context. Yet, before long, Cranehad, for the most part, rejected religion and the idea of divine interventionin favor of a more hands-on approach to the world. As he began to develop as awriter, naturalist themes of man versus nature, the unrelenting power ofnature, and an objective view of the world began to dominate his writing.Naturalists attempted to depict the most accurate view of life unadulteratedand unobstructed by external commentary or spiritual intervention. Ultimately,Crane’s masterful short story The OpenBoat stands as one of the most complete and developed works of thenaturalist genre.
B The first apparentelement of naturalism in The Open Boatis its subject matter a shipwreck. Being as true to life as possibleis one of the most common goals of a naturalistic writer, and, in this shortstory, Crane is no exception. It did not come from Crane’s imagination. Rather,it stemmed from his personal experience. As a young war reporter, Crane was onhis way from Florida to Cuba when his vessel, theCommodore, encountered a violent tempest. Within hours, the ship had sunk,leaving a few lucky survivors on a tiny lifeboat to be subjected to the fury ofnature. Throughout the story, Crane depicts scene after scene as if they weresnapshots or a short film of what the men in the boat were up against. Throughhis prose, Crane is able to reveal the unadulterated, brutal realism manifestin nature itself.
C At the end of thestory, the men’s realization of the strength of nature helps them to overcometheir fear of drowning and accept the death of the oiler. The men are afraid ofdrowning, which is evident when they recite, “If I am going to be drowned—.”This is recited at three different times, before and during their long nightout on the boat, thus suggesting that the men are afraid of drowning. Duringthe long night, “A high cold star on a winter’s night is the word he feels thatshe says to him. Thereafter he knows the pathos of his situation.” Each manrealizes that nature is greater than him; therefore, each man understands thathe must endure whatever nature throws at him. Also, during this night on theboat, each man comes to the conclusion that his fate is in the hands of nature,in the morning, the men see that they will not be rescued by anyone. As aresult of their understanding of their situation that is acquired during thenight about the might of nature, they are able to overcome their fear ofdrowning, and thus death.
D Prior to the time whenthe men jump out of the boat, “the correspondent, observing the others, knew that they were not afraid.” The men, because they understand thestrength of nature, are able to conquer their fear of death. The men accepttheir fate; whatever it may be. “There were no hurried words, no pallor, noplain agitation. The men simply looked at the shore.” The correspondent, in theface of mortal peril before leaving the boat, is also not afraid of dying, “itmerely occurred to him that if he should drown it would be a shame.” When themen swim onto shore, they know that they may die or just as easily live; theoutcome is out of their control. Thus, it comes as no surprise to the men whenthey see one of their comrades, the oiler, dead. The fact that he is thestrongest of the men when he “was swimming strongly and rapidly,” further showsthe power of nature that the men have come to realize. The men’s understandingof nature allows them to overcome their fear of death by drowning and make arun at the shore without trepidation.
E As Crane continueswith the theme of man versus nature inThe Open Boat, the element of pessimism, crucial to any naturalistic work,becomes quite apparent. The men are at the mercy of the storms and the seas and cannot do much to save themselves. In thissense, Crane reveals the indifference of nature and the universe in relation tothe life or plight of human beings in general. It is obvious to him that angelswill not swoop down and save the unfortunate men. The situation of theshipwreck is ideal because ordinary, everyday people must face an extremesituation from which it is more than likely that they will perish. Cranecontinually creates a mood of impending doom and the punishing nature of theuniverse throughout the story. Along the way, he provides little commentary onthe situation, forcing readers to place themselves immediately in the boat withthe men while enforcing the dark tone of the story. But, even to Crane and mostnaturalist writers, all is not lost. Though the outcome is bleak, Crane doesadd a glimmer of hope to the story. While in general the individual may seeminsignificant in the grand scheme or the universe or to nature itself; Craneinstills the importance or camaraderie in the story. For instance, all thesailors cast their ranks aside and help each other swim to shore for safety. Inorder to survive, the individuals in the boat must cooperate and help eachother against the forces of nature. Together they have some dominion of controlover their fate, but less so individually. Though they are isolated out amongthe waves in sight of shore, they remain unified in their struggle for survival,which undermines the predominant pessimistic outlook or the story as a whole.
F While Crane’s work The Open Boat is a dark account of achance situation that turns fatal for many, but not all, of the crew of theCommodore, it also sets forth the main elements of a naturalistic literary workat the turn of the twentieth century. Despite the fact that nature can be unrelenting and compassionless towards humans at any given moment, Craneultimately shows how individuals still always have the capacity to strivetogether to overcome hardships and disasters. Furthermore, the accuracy anddetail by Crone shun any possibility of a sugarcoated reality and reveal thetrue fatuity of nature as it is.
Questions 31-35
Do the following statements agreewith the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1? On your Answer Sheet, write
YES  if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if thestatement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVERN 　 ifit is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.
31.In Crane’s view, nature is merciless to human sufferings.
32. Naturalists’ view of life was often obstructed byspirituality.
33.A negative outlook on life and events is a major theme of The Open Boat.
34. Naturalists placed more emphasis on representing life as itappeared to them.
35. In The Open Boat,Crane attempts to address his own spiritual beliefs to his readers.
Questions 36-40
For each question below, choosethe answer that best completes the sentence. Then write the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet.
36. Which of the following can be inferred from this passage aboutStephen Crane?
A. He enjoyed theministry and listening to preachers.
B. He did not enjoywriting when he was young.
C. He was rivaled byno other author of his time.
D. He was not in tunewith the beliefs of his parents.
37. According to this passage, TheOpen Boat is important as a naturalist work because ______.
A. it is a trueaccount based on Crane’s own personal experience
B. it is based on aseries of events in a shipwreck that Crane heard of
C. it reveals that theisolation of an individual is a dangerous tactic
D. it does not attemptto glorify Crane’s heroism against nature
38.The author discusses nature in paragraph C in order to ______.
A. show that nature isalways a strong support for people in plight
B. prove that it is afutile effort to fight against the forces of nature
C. highlight theimportance of mutual efforts in surviving a disaster
D. reveal Crane’sbelief that only divine intervention can save humanity
39.Besides shipwreck, another naturalistic element of The Open Boat is manifest in ______.
A. placing the readerin the midst of the plight of the characters
B. depicting a bleakscene in a more or less light tone
C. keeping the readerfar removed from the actual plotline
D. providing thereader with an open ending with different possibilities
40. The underlined phrase “sugarcoated reality” in paragraph Fmost probably means ______.
A. reality which isdepicted in an obscure manner
B. reality which ismade to appear ideal
C. reality which isbitter and cruel
D. reality which ispromising and meaningful
Reading Passage 2
Questions 41-55 are based on the following reading passage.
A The pressure totransform our institutions of learning continues. Virtually every enterpriseand institution is grappling with the disruptions and opportunities caused byWeb-enabled infrastructures and practices. New best practices, business models,innovations, and strategies are emerging, including new ways to acquire,assimilate, and share knowledge. Using technologies that are already developedor that will be deployed in the future, best practices in knowledge sharing notonly are diffusing rapidly but will be substantially reinvented in allsettings: educational institutions, corporations, government organizations,associations, and nonprofits. But institutions of learning are in a uniqueposition to benefit from an added opportunity: providing leadership ine-knowledge.
B E-knowledge findsexpression in many shapes and forms in a profoundly net-worked world. It is notjust a digitized collection of knowledge. E-knowledge consists of knowledgeobjects and knowledge flows that combine content, context, and insights onapplication. E-knowledge also emerges from interactivity within and amongcommunities of practice and from the reservoir of tacit knowledge andtradecraft that can be understood only through conversations with knowledgeablepractitioners. E-knowing is the act of achieving understanding by interactingwith individuals, communities of practice, and knowledge in a networked world.E-knowledge commerce consists of the transactions based on the sharing ofknowledge. These transactions can involve the exchange of digitalcontent/context and/or tacit knowledge through interactivity. Translatablee-knowledge can be exchanged for free or for fee. E-knowledge is enabling notonly the emergence of new best practices but also the reinvention of the fundamentalbusiness models and strategies that exist for e-learning and knowledgemanagement.
C E-knowledge istechnologically realized by the fusion of e-learning and knowledge managementand through the networking of knowledge workers. Translatable e-knowledge andknowledge networking will become the lifeblood of knowledge sharing. They willcreate a vibrant market for e-knowledge commerce and will stimulatedramatic changes in the knowledge ecologies of enterprises of all kinds. Theywill support a "Knowledge Economy" based on creating, distributing,and adding value to knowledge, the very activities in which colleges anduniversities are engaged. Yet few colleges and universities have takensufficient account of the need to use their knowledge assets, i.e. the valuableresources in their possession, to achieve strategic differentiation.
D In “IT Doesn’t Matter,”a recent article in Harvard Business Review, Nicholas G. Carr supportedcorporate leaders’ growing view that information technology offers only limitedpotential for strategic differentiation. Similar points are starting to be madeabout e-learning, and knowledge management has been under fire as ineffectualfor some time. The truth is that IT, e-learning and knowledge management canprovide strategic differentiation only if they drive genuine innovation andbusiness practice changes that yield greater value for learners. Carr’s articleprovoked a host of contrary responses, including a letter from John Seely Brownand John Hagel. Brown is well-known for his insights into the ways in whichknowledge sharing can provide organization with a solid basis for strategicdifferentiation. In this article, we argue that knowledge sharing—if it sparksinnovation, changes in organizational dynamic, and new sources of value—canalso make the difference in academia and e-learning.
E It is remarkable howunreflective many academies and educators are about the nature of knowledgeoutside of their immediate domains of interest. To be sure, they hold sometypes of knowledge in high regard, and they respect the highly personalizedknowledge that academics and practicing professionals have accumulate. Butacademic knowledge substantially remains a “cottage industry,” with both tacit and explicit knowledge being the privilege of isolatedcraft people and professional associations. True, there has always beenacademic collaboration, but there is little systematic sharing of learningcontent, context, and supporting materials. When asked about it, many facultymembers respond, “Why would I want to share course materials and content withany one?” Similarly, knowledge generated by research activities often stayswithin a laboratory or research team and rarely crosses disciplinary boundaries.In most academic settings, knowledge resides in archipelagos of individualknowledge clusters, unavailable for systematic sharing. Yet such defiance ofthe networked world will soon be unsustainable.
F It is the challenge ofinstitutional leadership to get faculty and staff to reflect on the nature ofknowledge and on how knowledge can be understood and shared in different ways.Knowledge can be modeled as a “thing” and a “flow” at the same time. It is astatic resource a snapshot, if you will—and a dynamic flow between thevarious states of the known and the unknown. Knowledge flows between tacit(subjective) and explicit (objective) states; it often exists in transitionbetween the two; and it also exists in symbiosis, combining these twodimensions. However, much of the classic knowledge management literature, inidentifying these two dimensions, still tends to treat knowledge more as athing (knowledge-as-resource). Current thinking places greater emphasis on theemergent quality of knowledge, as it is realized through practice and knowledgenetworking. Brown and many before him have argued that knowledge is a socialconstruct. People can understand information individually and in isolation.However, knowledge —even the abstractions of mathematics—can be understood onlyin context, which means through interactivity and communication with others.Interactivity and knowledge sharing not only arc integral to “knowing” but areessential for continually evolving knowledge to new plateaus of meaning. AsAlfred Beerli asserts, “Knowledge can be regarded as the only unique resourcethat grows when shared, transferred, and managed skillfully.”
G People experience andact on knowledge in a host of different ways. When preparing our book Transforming e-Knowledge, we referred tothe “acquisition, assimilation, and sharing of knowledge.” This was a code forthe range of knowledge skills that are needed to succeed in the KnowledgeEconomy. But in practice, knowledge use is much more complicated than that andincludes interpreting, reflecting, creating, applying, realizing, understanding,associating, recognizing, repurposing, and enhancing knowledge. In apervasively networked world, individuals are part of intersecting networks ofinterest and communities of practice. Knowledge becomes tangible as digitizedcontent, as context that can be digitally shared, and through direct andindirect interactions. Knowledge can be created by asking a question andwatching the responses provoke numerous conversations, responses, andinteractions among network participants. The networked world continuouslyrefines, reinvents, and reinterprets knowledge, often in an autonomic manner.
H In summary,leading-edge individuals and institutions are on the threshold of majoradvances in their capacity to acquire, assimilate, utilize, reflect on, andshare knowledge. Between now and 2014, the elements of e-knowledge, e-knowing,and e-knowledge commerce will mature, using technologies that are largelydeveloped and that await utilization and widespread use. Academia will need tobecome far more reflective about knowledge—the forms, uses, and sharing—if itis to be a vanguard participant. The knowledge ecology of colleges anduniversities will need to change if they are to move from a culture ofknowledge hoarding to one of knowledge sharing. In institutions where thishappens, learners, faculty, staff, and other stakeholders will derive greatervalue from a set of genuinely new experiences.
Questions 41-46
The reading passage has eightparagraphs A-H. Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-F from thelist of headings below.
List of Headings
i Introduction
ii Realization of E-Knowledge Networks
iii The Wide Range of Knowledge Use
iv Significance of Knowledge Sharing
v Overlooking the Potentials of Knowledge Assets
vi Defining Knowledge from a New Perspective
vii Technological Advances in E-Knowing
viii Evolution of Knowledge Networking
ix Negative Views on Knowledge Sharing
x Formation of E-Knowledge and Its Function
xi The Role of Translatable E-Knowledge
xii How to Create Knowledge
Example: Paragraph A (i)
41.Paragraph B (　 )
42.Paragraph C (　 )
43.Paragraph D ( 　)
44.Paragraph E (　 )
45.Paragraph F (　 )
46.Paragraph G ( 　)
Questions 47-51
Do the following statements agreewith the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2? On your Answer Sheet, write
YES　 if the statement agrees with the claims ofthe writer
NO 　  if the statement contradicts the claims ofthe writer
NOT GIVERN   if it is impossible to say what the writerthinks about this.
47.E-knowledge is primarily based on practices used in business.
48. Thekey to the success of knowledge management and e-learning is offering strategicdifferentiation.
49. Knowledge sharing makes sense only if knowledge is availablein academia and e-learning.
50.Communities of practice are one source of E-knowledge.
51. Knowledge use does not only refer to the acquisition,assimilation, and sharing of knowledge.
Questions 52-55
Complete the following paragraph.For each blank use ONE OR TWO WORDS from the passage.
Thanks to the adventof the computer, learning institutions today are provided with new ways ofacquiring knowledge, through tools that are 52. ______ fast and which arealready being 53. ______ in all fields and settings, despite the 54. ______ theprocess may entail, which all institutions are now 55. ______.
Reading Passage 3
Questions 56-70 are based on the following reading passage.
A Today, like most otherkinds of theater and music, the musical drama of opera enjoys a myriad ofdifferent forms and interpretations. Operas can exhibit both comical moods aswell as the most tragic ones while the actors may be of the highest caliber ofsimply part-time novices. But it has not always been this way. Since itsbeginning in Italyaround the year 1600, the opera has experienced a number of shifts and trends.In the beginning, it was heavily influenced by classical Greek drama andattempted to adhere to its heroic subject matter and theme. Yet, by theeighteenth century, two distinct forms were beginning to branch out from theoriginal operatic base in Italy.Italian audiences were able to witness two fundamental styles: one was theserious, tragedy-like type known as opera seria, while the other, a lighter,often more earthy and comic style, was called opera buffa. Their distinctstyles reflected the social mentality of the era and its ability to change andgrow in a new direction, which later influenced further alterations in modemopera.
B The first half of theeighteenth century was dominated by the opera seria, which most closelyresembled the earliest form of the opera. The opera seria, which first arose inthe cities of Naples and Venice, had taken on a clear, practicallyinflexible form by around 1720. In its very essence, as both the libretti andthe musical composition demonstrate, the opera seria was a product of thephilosophical movement that arose in the late 1600’s, the famous Enlightenment, that seized all of Europe and affected so many differentaspects of life. The philosophers of the Enlightenment, when they turned theirideas to opera, maintained that this musical-dramatic form should reflect thenew ideals of clarity and unity, which were based primarily off of ancientGreek philosophical treatises. Therefore, its characteristics were heavilyinfluenced by the Enlightenment which put human reason at the forefront of thought.In turn, clarity and structure became the foundation of the opera seria. Inmany ways, simplicity and rational thought, which were further majorcharacteristics of the opera seria, go hand in hand. It scorned imagination andimprovisation in favor of familiar storylines, most often Greek, which waseasier on the audience and did not tax their mental capacities too much. Thus,write Grout and Palisca, Italian opera seria "aimed to be clear, simple,rational, faithful to nature, of universal appeal, and capable of givingpleasure to its audiences without causing them unnecessary mentalfatigue." However, some operagoers felt slighted by the fact that theoperas failed to challenge them, and though it remained a popular form ofentertainment, it displayed a number of other limitations.
C One of the early formsof impetus for these changes in opera came from the scholars at the Arcadian Academyin Rome, ledprimarily by Gian Vincenza Gravina. These reformers wanted above all to subjectthe Italian opera to the guidelines of Greek tragedy; in other words, theyaimed to purge the older Baroque operas of their extravagant characterizationand complex plots, as well as to take away the comic elements and to regulatethe opera’s composition, both musically and structurally. In so doing, thesereforms led in essence to "the restriction of the music’s role in dramatic developments," claims Sadie, and left the partof explaining occurrences and events in the story to the rather dry andunaccompanied recitatives.
D Some members of theaudience found further difficulties with the opera seria. First, theorganization of the opera never deviated from the usual norm. It was alwayscomposed of three acts, and, within each act were its fundamental components:the recitatives and the arias. Recitatives are the singing of the cast, whichpushes the action of the opera forward. Arias usually followed as a climax andrevealed the emotion or internal conflict of the actors. The main issue wasthat such a rigid structure made the opera monotonous and at times predictable.If there had been more flexibility, the operas wouldhave been more vivid and alive, yet the composers were bound by the predominantphilosophical constraints of the early 1700s. A frequent problem for composersof opera stria was that, due to the rather structured forms of almost allingredients of the music, it was difficult to achieve much contrast, in eitheraction or music. In essence, then, the opera stria, in the hands of mostcomposers, was little more than a mere stringing together of many differentarias and recitatives. For the more daring, and in many ways more skilledcomposers, however, there were ways to avoid this strict rigidity. The ritornello,or the instrumental interlude, of the da capo aria, for instance, could bedropped, as was noted before, or could be changed just enough to givevariation. Also, although often criticized, each singer’s ornamentalimprovisation and final cadenza (i.e. the elaborate, ornamental melodicflourish interpolated into an aria) did provide another means of contrast, asdid, somewhat later in the century, the emergence of more variation in theorchestral parts and in dynamic contrasts, as well as the increasing use ofensembles and other pieces; eventually even dance numbers and ballets came tobe included in opera seria. Even the meter and keys, which for the most partwere standardized, could be varied ever so slightly, and gained more freedom astime went on.
E After around 1770, thearias had also achieved some flexibility, due to the possibility of using formsother than the da capo, even, under French influence, the use of the rondoaria. These newer arias, as stated, had become much longer, but had retainedtheir simple melodic lines, as well as "a certain blandness of rhythm andharmony." On the whole, in the period after 1770, the increasing diffusion and freedom in opera seria can be seen, and this phenomenoneventually led to its abandonment as a pure and strict dramatic form.
F The stage, then, wasripe for change in the form of the opera buffa, which was beginning to manifestitself within the opera seria itself through the intermezzo. The intermezzo wasalready an integral part of the opera seria in that it was a short performancebreak between acts and was less predictable than the major production. Later,toward the turn of the century, these performances grew to be of a larger sizeand greater importance, and they were eventually performed as opera in theirown right, no longer intermixed with the serious opera. The later intermezzitypically had two or three short acts, each consisting of one or two arias foreach main role, and usually ending in a duet. Over time, the style of theintermezzo caught on and was eventually put on separately, eventually being dubbed the opera buffa. This type of opera wascharacterized by a light, even comic, motif. More importantly, it was lessconstrained and displayed elements of free emotion and subject matter thatmirrored everyday life, not, for example, heroes from Greek tragedies. Further,music began to play a greater role in the opera, was spontaneous, and oftenmirrored the emotions of the characters. Because the themes were more true tolife, the audience could relate more closely with the opera buffa. As it developed,the opera buffa also began to take on more serious subject matter yet retainedits free flowing manner.
G By the late 1700s, theinfluence of the Enlightenment was beginning to lose its luster, and the twopredominant forms of opera began to merge into one. The opera seria started todisplay more elasticity in its form and structure and even included somedancing in its performances. Likewise, the opera buffa began to engagein more sophisticated themes. By the end of the century, even the most sensitiveopera enthusiast could hardly distinguish between the two. More importantly,as each form changed, they were able to provide the audience with the best ofboth worlds and a more complete opera experience, as they were composed withintellectual integrity, stimulation sprinkled with lightheartedness, and humor.From this, the modern form of opera was born.
Questions 56-60
Summarize the information aboutoperas as discussed in the passage. Match the appropriate statements to thetype of opera with which they are associated. You are required to select threestatements for the opera seria and two for the opera buffa.
Opera seria
56．(　 )
57．(　 )
58．(　 )
Opera buffa
59．(　 )
60．(　 )

A. Its main structure was always composed around three acts.   B. It allowed emotions to be expressed more freely by the  actors.                                            C. It developed out of a short intermission type of production.   D. It was the predominant form of opera in Italy during the early 1700s.   E. It contained climactic arias, which helped move the plot  forward.   F. It was constructed around rational thought and simplicity.   G. It was popular because of its light subject matter in the  seventeenth century.

Questions 61-65
Do the following statements agreewith the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? On your Answer Sheet, write
YES  if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO　　 if the statement contradicts the claims ofthe writer
NOT GIVERN  if it is impossible to say what the writerthinks about this.
61. The composers of opera seria were, for the most part, bound bysocial obligation.
62. The action and imagination of the opera seria confused theaudience.
63. The style and delivery of the opera buffs became even morerestrained than the opera seria.
64. By thelate eighteenth century, the opera buffa had taken on a slightly differentcharacter from mere comic opera.
65. The opera buffs was born from the intermezzo, which was a partof the opera seria.
Questions 66-70
For each question below, choosethe answer that best completes the sentence. Then write the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet.
66. According to the passage, two forms in eighteenth-centuryItalian opera arose because ______.
A. most operaenthusiasts were demanding a more flexible, exciting style
B. it was heavilygrounded and influenced by classical domestic drama
C. traditional themesof heroism were enjoyed by the regular audience
D. the way peoplethought was beginning both to develop and change
67. The author discusses the Enlightenment in paragraph B in orderto ______.
A. discuss how it wasthe pinnacle of intellectual thought in Europe
B. indicate what wasmost responsible for the traits of the opera seria
C. contrast thestructure of the opera seria with that of the opera buffa
D. note that though itwas a major social influence, it affected the opera little
68. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph B aboutthe opera seria?
A. it was created bypeople who were influenced by the Enlightenment.
B. it had littleconnection with the plots or themes of classical Greek drama.
C. It failed to reveala story ambitious enough to make the audience think.
D. It was toocomplicated for the average Italian to comprehend completely.
69. Which of the following can be inferred about the audience’sresponse to the opera seria?
A. The majority of theaudience frowned upon the content of the opera seria.
B. The audiences weremost attracted by the recitative singing in the opera seria.
C. A large numberof" audience members found the opera seria to be quite enjoyable.
D. The fact that theopera seria focused on themes from everyday life was respected.
70.According to paragraph G, which of the following statements best expresses theessential information of the underlined sentence?
A. The changes in both forms ofopera were complementary and eventually allowed the audience to fully enjoy themusical genre.
B. The intellectual integrity,lightheartedness, and humor that the operas were filled with made them the mostsatisfying form of entertainment.
C. Operas changed in order tobecome complete because they no longer satisfied the intellectual and comedicneeds of their audiences.
D. Both forms of operacame to resemble each other in musical composition.
IV. Writing (30%)
Directions: You are to writean essay according to the following situation:
Undoubtedly, news ishot today. Many people suck up a network newscast with their morning coffee,keep an car to all-news radio on the way to work, catch an hour of local TVnews and a half-hour network report when they get home, then get a final fix oflate-evening news before calling it a day. The preoccupation with "What’sup?" even makes people worried about missing any news. What is your viewon people’s indulgence in news?
Requirements: Write an essayof about 400 words to expound clearly your viewpoint on this topic. You need tosupply a title for your essay.
In the first part ofyour writing you should present your viewpoint in a well-formulated thesisstatement; in the second part, you should support the thesis statement withappropriate details; in the last part you should bring what you have written toa natural conclusion with a comment.
Marks will be awardedfor content, organization, syntactic variety, proper length, and appropriateword choice. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in the loss ofmarks. Remember to produce a clean fair copy.
参考答案及解析
I. Fill inthe blanks in the following sentences with the appropriate words derived fromthe words given in parentheses at the end of the sentences. (10%)
1.terrorists
(政府担心恐怖分子已经通过非法手段获得了制造核武器的技术。很明显该从句中缺少一个主语，而制造核武器的肯定是人，因此可以肯定是恐怖分子。)
2.tolerable
(最近的一项研究表明女人很容易对其他的女人形成不好的印象，而男人对他们的同胞显得要更宽容。由while可知这里表转折，即男人的情况和前面的不一样，再由are more 可知这里需要一个形容词，因此可以确认这里需要填tolerable。)
3.degrade
(如果一个有学识的人不想降低自己身份的话，他就要不停地参与到公共事物中来。由这里的不定式结构可以知道需要填写一个动词，虽然grade也可以作动词，但它作动词表示“评分；把…分等级”用在这里并不合适。Degrade表示“贬低；使……丢脸；使……降级；使……降解”。)
4.purification
(只有当废物的量超过了一定的限度以至于大自然的自净系统不能正常运作时，废物才会变成污染物。这里是一个名词短语，因此要用pure的名词形式。Purification system表示自净系统。)
5.hysterically
(那个小孩歇斯底里般地尖叫着：“不要，不要，不要杀我！”这里需要一个词来修饰shriek，一般用副词来修饰动词，所以要用其副词形式。Hysterically 表示“歇斯底里地”。)
6.imbalance
(失业除了会增加社会的经济不平衡之外，还会造成人们的不满和失望，因为他们受失业所迫不能创造相应的价值。首先由句子结构判断这里需要一个名词，再根据句意可知失业会导致经济不平衡，因此要填imbalance。)
7.insatiate
(他想在书中阐述的是富人们的腐败以及他们对于金钱和权利永不满足的欲望。首先有句子结构判断这里需要一个形容词，再根据句意可知，富人们是贪得无厌，永远不知满足的，因此要用satiate的反义形容词。Insatiate表示“不知足的”。)
8.unaffected
(唯一一个未受贸易大萧条影响的产业就是美容业，因为美国妇女仍然在他们外貌上花费了很多。由后半句美国妇女仍然在他们外貌上花费了很多可知美容业是未受贸易萧条的影响的。但要注意unaffected和disaffected的区别，unaffected表示“不受影响的；自然的；真挚的；不矫揉造作的”，而disaffected表示“不满的；有叛意的；愤愤不平的”。)
9.luxurious
（战后德国最大最豪华的班轮在汉堡开建了。由the most and thelargest 可知这里需要一个形容词，luxury的形容词形式为luxurious，表示“奢侈的；丰富的；放纵的；特级的”。）
10.invariably
(妇女长久以来一直从事着报酬低廉，卑微，索然无味的工作，但当他们有机会获得一份更好的工作时，所得的工资却比同一岗位上的男同事要少。这里需要一个副词来修饰动词are paid, 再由句意可知他们所得的报酬总是比男同事要低，所以应用invariably。)
II. Foreach sentence below there are four choices A, B, C, and D. Choose the answerthat BEST completes the sentence. Then write the correct letter on the AnswerSheet. (20%)
11.A 一场暴风雨席卷了该区域，并且会导致明年蔬菜供应的不足。Scarcity表示“不足；缺乏”，variety表示“多样；种类；杂耍；变化，多样化”，rarity表示“罕见；珍贵；珍品（需用复数）；稀薄”，invalidity表示“无效，无价值”。这里要注意区分scarcity和rarity这两个词，都表示不多的意思，但一个强调不足，另一个强调珍贵。
12.D 至于展出的这幅画是不是毕加索的真品，鉴赏家们意见不一。Explicit表示“明确的；清楚的；直率的；详述的”，reliable表示“可靠的；可信赖的”，stringent表示“严厉的；迫切的；银根紧的”，authentic 表示“真正的，真实的；可信的”。
13.C 现在的外科手术更多的是关注修缮和恢复器官原有的功能而不是去掉某些器官。Redesign 表示“重新设计”，review表示“回顾；复习；评论；检讨；检阅”，restore表示“恢复；修复；归还”，reserve 表示“储备；保留；预约”。
14.D 它的影响是恶性循环的，因为据调查，长期睡眠缺乏的人尽管其工作能力明显下降却没有困意。Pennissive没有这样的单词，permissible表示“可允许的；获得准许的”，permutable表示“可排列的；能交换的”，pernicious表示“有害的；恶性的；致命的；险恶的”。
15.D 所以人际交流的专家都赞同我们同时使用语言和非语言的方式来传递信息。Transfer 表示“转让；转学；换车”，convert表示“使转变；转换…；使…改变信仰”，modify表示“修改，修饰；更改”，convey表示“传达；运输；让与”。
16.C 由于可以展示不可触碰的世界，镜子能够象征宇宙的神秘。Unreal 表示“不真实的；假的；幻想的；虚构的”，surreal表示“超现实主义的；离奇的；不真实的”，tangible表示“有形的；切实的；可触摸的”，pragmatic 表示“实际的；实用主义的；国事的”。
17.C 招聘会通常很活跃而且不太正式，你可以悠闲地漫游其间，看看提供的有些什么岗位，搜集一些平时可能没注意到的就业信息。这里考查对几个词组的辨析，at rest表示“静止；休息；安眠”，at peace 表示“处于和平状态”，at leisure表示“从容地；闲着地”，at speed表示“迅速地，高速地”，由roam可知，只有at leisure最合适。
18.A 在孩子们的故事书中，警察被描绘成自大浮夸的形象。但事实上他们对于维护法律和治安还是很有帮助的。这里要注意转折词but, 所以but前说的应该是警察不好的方面，而在所给的几个词中，只有pompous是贬义的。Pompous表示“自大的；浮夸的；华而不实的；爱炫耀的”，courageous表示“有胆量的，勇敢的”，gallant 表示“英勇的，勇敢的；华丽的；雄伟的”，staunch表示“坚定的；忠诚的；坚固的”。
19.B 电影只是一系列的静态照片叠加在一起，快速地浏览过去就会产生一种动态和连续的错觉。Slice 表示“切下；把…分成部分；将…切成薄片”，splice表示“拼接；接合；使结婚”，split表示“分离；使分离；劈开；离开；分解”，spill示“使溢出，使流出；使摔下”。
20.D 有一些词表明了一些关于女性的词是包含性内涵的，而一些男性词却显得很正式，就像其外表一样。Look 表示“看；样子；面容”，aura表示“光环；气氛；（中风等的）预兆；气味”，sensation表示“感觉；轰动；感动”，facade“正面；表面；外观”。
21.B 在制作过程中，现代舞的编舞者向他们介绍了幽默，反对社会不公，以及不断恶化的心理问题。Solved 表示“解决了的”，exacerbated表示“加重的，恶化的”，probed表示调查的，interfered表示“妨碍的，干涉的”。
22.A 直到20世纪，内科医生和哲学家们还将睡眠当作一种近似于神志不清的状态，这时候没有思维活动，就像处于觉醒和死亡之间的一种状态一样。Oblivion“神志不清，遗忘”，fantasy“幻想；白日梦；幻觉”，allusion“暗示；提及”，illusion“幻觉，错觉；错误的观念或信仰”。
23.A 让老年人成为国家建设发展的积极参与者是终生学习项目的需要，它能使老年人找到一份合适的工作。Empower“授权，允许；使能够”，entrust“委托，信托”，embed“栽种；使嵌入，使插入；使深留脑中”，entice“诱使；怂恿”。
24.A 对于孩子是应该步行上学还是由父亲开车送他们上学这一问题，家长们持不同意见。Ambivalent表示“矛盾的；好恶相克的”，ambiguous表示“模糊不清的；引起歧义的”，arbitrary表示“任意的；武断的；专制的”，approximate表示“近似的；大概的”。
25.C 然而一些证据却表明依据不同的文化来进行管理会带来更高更好的商业表现，并能提升竞争力。Congenital 表示“先天的，天生的；天赋的”，coincident表示“一致的；符合的；同时发生的”，contingent表示“因情况而异的；不一定的；偶然发生的”，congruent表示“适合的，一致的；全等的；和谐的”。
26.A 当人们看到成千上百的彩色气球缓慢地升上天空的时候，体育场内的所有人都开始欢呼起来。Ascend 表示“上升；登高；追溯”，可作不及物动词，elevate 表示“提升；举起；振奋情绪等；提升…的职位”，escalate“使…加剧; 加剧”，increase 表“增加，增长，提高”。
27.D他的办公室离总统办公室很近，他通常只要3分钟就能走到那里。Related “有关系的，有关联的；讲述的，叙述的”，adhesive “粘着的；带粘性的”，adherent “附着的；粘着的”，adjacent“邻近的，毗连的”，adjacent to与临近；与；临近；邻近的。
28.C这些优美的民歌都是史密斯所创，他是本世纪非常重要的一位音乐家。Commit 表示“犯罪，做错事；把...交托给；指派…作战；使…承担义务”，contribute表示“贡献，出力；投稿；捐献”，ascribe“归因于；归咎于”，compose“构成；写作；使平静；排…的版”，虽然compose 有创作的意思，但没有compose to 这样的用法，ascribe to表示“将......归因于，将......归属于”。
29.B作为一个天赋秉异的作家，一个杰出的政治家，一个深邃的思想家，他远远超出了他所领导的文化运动本身。Inherent “固有的；内在的；与生俱来的，遗传的”，ingenious “有独创性的；机灵的，精制的；心灵手巧的”，indigenous“本土的；土著的；国产的；固有的”，indulgent“放纵的；宽容的；任性的”。
30.B在昨天的就职演讲中，当总统谈到振兴经济的减税政策时，他获得了民众自发的，最热烈的掌声。Simultaneous “同时的；联立的；同时发生的”，spontaneous“自发的；自然的；无意识的”，homogenous“同质的；同类的”，heterogeneous“多相的；异种的；[化学] 不均匀的；由不同成分形成的”。
III. Reading Comprehension (40%)
31.YES
(自然主义的一个很重要的特征表就是表现大自然的无穷力量，表明人类无法与自然抗衡。由E段中的In this sense, Cranereveals the indifference of nature and the universe in relation to the life orplight of human beings in general. It is obvious to him that angels will notswoop down and save the unfortunate men.可以看出他认为大自然对于人类的苦难是无动于衷的。)
32.NO
(由A段中的Naturalists attempted to depict the most accurate view of lifeunadulterated and unobstructed by external commentary or spiritualintervention.可以看出自然主义者们对于人生的态度不会受精神的干扰。)
33.YES
(在这本书中，作者如实地描写了那次海难发生的全过程。由E段第一句话As Crane continueswith the theme of man versus nature in The Open Boat, the element of pessimism,crucial to any naturalistic work, becomes quite apparent 可以看出对人生的消极态度也是本书的主旨之一。)
34.NOT GIVERN
(该论述在文中未提到。)
35.NO
(由E段中的Along the way, he provides little commentary on the situation,forcing readers to place themselves immediately in the boat with the men whileenforcing the dark tone of the story可以看出，作者并没有急于评论或表达自己对人生的看法，他只是尽可能真实的描写，然后让读者自己去思考，去感悟。)
36.D 这是一道细节题，信息主要集中在第一段。Crane had, for the most part,rejected religion and the idea of divine intervention in favor of a morehands-on approach to the world可知，Crane 是反对宗教的，他想亲自去体验这个世界而不是从宗教的角度去看待这个世界，由此可见他与父母的信仰是不同的。
37.A 这是一道推理题，由第二段中的Being as true to life as possibleis one of the most common goals of a naturalistic writer可知真实性对于自然主义的小说是非常重要的，而The Open Boat 这本书正好是依据作者的亲身经历而写成的，因此它特别符合自然主义小说的要求和特征。
38.B 这是一道推理题，可用排除法来做。首先A项与原文是不符的，大自然并没有帮助那些深陷困境中的人。C项中的mutual efforts 在原文中并没有提到。D项也与原文不符，Crane是反对divine intervention的，所以只能选择B项。
39.A 这是一道总结归纳题，我们也可以用排除法来做。首先B项in a light tone 是不对的，Crane 在整个小说中都是尽量保持dark tone 的。C项将读者置于真实的情景之外是刚好和文中意思相反的，作者想做的就是尽量把读者带到真实的情境当中，让读者自己去思考。D项中的an open ending 我们无从得知，因为原文中没有提到这本小说是否是open ending。
40.B 这是一道推测此意的题目，要结合上下文来进行推断。该句是说作者避开了一个什么样的现实，揭示了自然的昏庸和残暴，然后再结合这个单词sugarcoat，字面意思是“穿上糖衣”，可推测这里应是“美化，粉饰”的意思。因此应选B项。
41.X 由本段的第一句话E-knowledge finds expression inmany shapes and forms in a profoundly net-worked world可知该段主要讲的是the shapes and formsof E-knowledge, E-knowledge is enabling not only……but also……又讲到了它的作用，由此可知，该段就主要讲的是E-knowledge的组成和作用。
42.II 由本段的第一句话E-knowledge is technologicallyrealized by the fusion of e-learning and knowledge management and through thenetworking of knowledge workers可知本段主要讲的是the realization of E-knowledge。
43.IV 在该段中作者首先引用了Carr 的观点来引出Brown的看法，而Brown认为knowledge sharing 有着众多的作用，因此该段的主旨应是Significance ofKnowledge Sharing。
44.IX 这一段主要讲了现在的很多专家和学者只关注和局限于自己的领域，没有将自己的知识和成果与他人进行很好地交流和分享，这不利于知识创新的可持续发展。由此可以看出这一段是一个Negative View onKnowledge Sharing。
45.VI 由to reflect on the nature of knowledge and on how knowledgecan be understood and shared in different ways以及Current thinking places greater emphasis on the emergentquality of knowledge可知这一段主要讲了对于knowledge的一些新思考和新见解。
46.XII 由People experience and act on knowledge in a host ofdifferent ways 以及Knowledge can be created by asking a question and……可知这一段主要讲的是knowledge是如何被创造出来的。
47.NO
(E-knowledge 有许多不同的表现形式，它并不是基于商业的，E-knowledge commerce 才是基于商业目的的，这里概念混淆。)
48.YES
(由supported corporate leaders’ growing view that informationtechnology offers only limited potential for strategic differentiation以及IT, e-learning and knowledgemanagement can provide strategic differentiation only if……可知他们想方设法要做到的就是offering strategic differentiation，由此可见strategic differentiation对于他们的成功是非常关键的。)
49.NO
(由D段中的knowledge sharing—if it sparks innovation, changes inorganizational dynamic, and new sources of value—can also make the differencein academia and e-learning可知knowledge sharing不仅在academia and e-learning有用，在其它方面也是有用的。)
50.YES
(由B段中的E-knowledge also emerges from interactivity within and amongcommunities of practice and from 可知Communities of practice 也是E-knowledge 的来源之一。)
51.YES
(由G段中的When preparing our book Transforming e-Knowledge, we referred tothe “acquisition, assimilation, and sharing of knowledge.”以及But in practice, knowledge use ismuch more complicated than that and includes interpreting, reflecting,creating, applying, realizing, understanding, associating, recognizing,repurposing, and enhancing knowledge可知Knowledge use 包含的内容很广。)
52.developed
(由这段话的大意可知，它所总结的内容与文章第一段相符，因此我们需要在第一段寻找相关信息。经过对比我们可以发现这里所说的tools 就是technology，再联系原文可知此空为developed。)
53.reinvented
(由第一空我们已确认the tools 是the technology, 再由原文中best practices inknowledge sharing not only are diffusing rapidly but will be substantiallyreinvented in all settings 可知这些新的方式会在各个领域被重新改进。)
54.disruptions
(由despite 可知这里表示转折，再根据原文中Virtually everyenterprise and institution is grappling with the disruptions and opportunitiescaused by Web-enabled infrastructures and practices 可以看出他们正面临这样一些困难和机遇，综合分析可知这里应填disruptions。)
55. grapplingwith
(前一空已确认为disruptions，那这里要填一个相对应的动词，根据原文可知grappling with是合适的动词。grappling with 表示“扭打；努力克服”。)
56.A
57.D
58.F
59.B
60.C
(这道题主要是让我们区分意大利悲歌剧和喜歌剧的区别。悲歌剧的信息主要集中在B、C、D段中，由D段中的it was always composed of three acts 可知A项是属于悲歌剧的特征，再由The first half of the eighteenthcentury was dominated by the opera seria可知D项也是描写悲歌剧的，再由B段中的simplicity and rational thought, which were further majorcharacteristics of the opera seria, go hand in hand 可以看出rational thought andsimplicity 也是悲歌剧的特点之一。而喜歌剧的信息则主要集中在F段，由F段中的it was less constrained and displayed elements of free emotion andsubject matter that mirrored everyday life可以看出B项符合喜歌剧的特征，再由which was beginning to manifest itself within the operaseria itself through the intermezzo. The intermezzo was already an integralpart of the opera seria in that it was a short performance break between actsand was less predictable than the major production可知喜歌剧的确是由幕间剧发展而来的，因此C项也符合喜歌剧。E项中说法错误，Recitatives才是pushes the action of the operaforward 而不是the arias。G项时间错误，是在18世纪而不是17世纪，注意1700s 表示的是18世纪。)
61.NOT GIVERN
(关于悲歌剧的信息主要集中在B、C、D、E段，在这几段中我们完全没有看到悲歌剧的创作家是如何与社会责任联系起来的，因此该陈述纯属子虚乌有。)
62.NO
(该论断有2个错误，第一个错误是悲歌剧的创作家歧视和反对imagination，所以在悲歌剧中很少有imagination，第二个错误是confuse，悲歌剧的创作家所用题材大多是古希腊中为人熟知的一些故事情节，并且力求简洁，为的就是不给观众带来观看难度。)
63.NO
(由F段中的As it developed, the opera buffa also began to take on moreserious subject matter yet retained its free flowing manner可知，虽然喜歌剧后来也涉猎到一些严肃，复杂的话题，但它仍然保持着自己相对自由的风格。因此该论断显然是错误的。)
64.YES
(由G段中的Likewise, the opera buffa began to engage in moresophisticated themes可知到18世纪末，喜歌剧的确有了一些小变化，那就是它也开始涉猎一些比较复杂的主题了。)
65.YES
(这是一道细节题，信息主要集中在F段关于喜歌剧的描写中。由which was beginning to manifestitself within the opera seria itself through the intermezzo. The intermezzo wasalready an integral part of the opera seria可知该论述是正确的。)
66.A 此题考查18实际意大利歌剧出现2派的原因，可用排除法来做，influenced by classical domestic drama 是不对的，意大利歌剧深受古希腊神话的影响，C项传统的英雄主题为普通观众所喜爱也不对，关注对这种传统主题越来越反感了，D项人们的思维方式与该题没有直接的关系，因此可确认选A项。
67.B 作者在该段中提到启蒙运动，主要是想说明启蒙运动对悲歌剧的写作和发展有着重要的影响，启蒙运动强调人的理性，因此在悲歌剧的写作中也被注入了很多理性的要素，以至于后来简洁和理性成了悲歌剧的主要特征，由此可以看出作者提启蒙运动主要是想说明启蒙运动造成了悲歌剧的这些特征。
68.A 这是一个细节推测提，信息主要集中在B段，由the opera seria was a product of the philosophical movementthat arose in the late 1600’s,the famous Enlightenment 可推测出悲歌剧是由深受你启蒙运动影响的人发明的。此题C项迷惑性较大，它并不是故事揭露地不深，而是它所写的故事都是古希腊中经常出现的，所以人们都比较熟悉。
69.A 这是一道细节推测题，由于悲歌剧的题材大都来源于古希腊，且形式固定单一，没有什么悬念和新奇的地方，因此大部分观众都不太愿意观看这种歌剧，因此会对他蹙眉，frowned upon thecontent of the opera seria。
70.A 这是一道句意推测题。首先由composed with intellectualintegrity, stimulation sprinkled with lightheartedness, and humor可知这二者是互补的，intellectual integrity代表的是传统的悲歌剧，而lightheartedness, andhumor 是喜歌剧的特点，这二者结合就能给观众带来最美的音乐享受。
IV. Writing (30%)
Directions: You are to write an essay according to the followingsituation:
On People’s Obsession with the News
It seems that with the tabletpersonal computer and smart phone available to almost everyone, people turn tobe more enthusiastic about the everyday news, whether local or international,hard news or soft news. Wherever the WIFI or 3G network is available, there are always numerouspeople holding a phone or a tablet, screening the news from pages to pages. Dothey really read through all these news? Do they need to be brimmed with somuch news? I’m afraid not necessarily. The obsession with the news is just awaste of time, what’s worse; it may direct our attention from something reallyurgent and important to those trivial news.
Although I have to admit that newsis an indispensable channel for us to learn the outside word and gather the importantinformation we may need, the indulgence in news is still a waste of time. Themost obvious reason for this is that for most of us, we don’t need the majorityeven all of the news that is broadcasted by various media, which means thatwhen we are immersed in these countless and endless news we may actually dosomething that is of no use. Another reason is that many people tend to screenthe news one after another because they feel lonely and empty, if they canspend this time on some other things like, reading a book, running for a while,or even making a call to their family and friends, they may have a differentfresh feeling.
Besides the time it wastes, italso leads to the deviation of our attention which may turn out a very dangerousthing sometimes. Imagine a driver whose mind should have been fully focused onthe road, now because of the radio news in the car, he seems to be less andless careful. What a terrible thing if he couldn’t get himself back from thenew on time. Another example may be that a high school student is obsessed withthe news so that he spend most of his time on it which only leads to aconsequence—the neglect of his studies. Shall the news be blamed for thestudent’s behavior? Definitely yes, every person on this word, except thebabies and those who can’t conduct anything by themselves, has his or hermission and duty everyday. In order to get the duties and missions accomplishedon time, we need our mind focused and undisturbed by the excessive news.
Other problems with the indulgencein news may be the decline of physical health, the loss of vision, and so on. Withall these factors considered, we have to say that the obsession with news isreally a bad habit which should be get rid of by every means.

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