㈣对文章和题目分析范例:（1999年第五篇）
原文：
Science， in practice， depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments。 Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple。 Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall。 But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets。 What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens， the moon and the planets。
How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything。 He was just wondering。 His mind was ready for the unpredictable。 Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research。 If you don' t have unpredictable things， you don' t have research。 Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals， but history is filled with examples of it。
In talking to some scientists， particularly younger ones， you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought。 I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a ascertain experiment。 The scientist has frowned， looked at the graphs， and said， "The data are still inconclusive。" "We know that， " the men from the budget office have said， "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate。
What this amounts to， of course， is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings。 He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself， but also has convinced industrial and business management that they are true。 [If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate， then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents。 It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope。 Nor， if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect， is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team。”]
（注：上文中下划线是直线的为重要句子，斜体的为关键词，下划线是波浪线的是文中长难句。 ）
原题：
67。 The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that __ A
[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments
[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted
[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research
[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research
68。 The author asserts that scientists __B
[A] shouldn't replace "scientific method" with imaginative thought
[B] shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable things
[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals
[D] should be confident about their research findings
69。 It seems that some young scientists__D
[A] have a keen interest in prediction
[B] often speculate on the future
[C] think highly of creative thinking
[D] stick to "scientific method"
70。 The author implies that the results of scientific research__A
[A]may not be as profitable as they are expected
[B]can be measured in dollars and cents
[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern
[D]are mostly underestimated by management
对这篇阅读题，先模拟考试作完（泛读），对上答案。然后按照我说的步骤，精读文章，最后分析题目。
⑴首先梳理生词词组
supposedly 据推测
The two articles were supposedly written by the same author。
cut and dried 单调乏味的
His speech is cut and dried because he has nothing new to say。
advisability 可取性
He stated the advisability of the plan in his report。
inconclusive 非结论性的
The judge ruled the evidence inconclusive。
what this amount to is that 这么说的全部意思是。。。
This amounts to doing the whole thing all over again。
keep an eye on 留意
Please keep an eye on my daughter while I go out。
⑵分析文章行文脉络：
文章一开始指出做科学工作的两个方面（experiments it prepares 和preparedness of the minds），并指出研究应是后者而非前者。此后作者进一步对此阐述引申，并不断同义复现这两个方面。
⑶文章结构：
第一段）
第一层（1句）：全文主旨句。出现两个关键词：experiments it prepares， preparedness of the minds
第二层（余下句）：举牛顿的例子，旨在支持第一句的论点。
第二段）
第一层（1-4句）：对牛顿的例子进行总结，再次强调了第一段提出的观点（ready for the unpredictable）
第二层（5-6句）：对第一段提出的论点进一步阐述，引申，指出实验者要对实验中的不可预测现象做好心智准备。
第三层（7句）：但在论文中却表现出可预测性（predictable），而不是不可预测性(unpredictability)
在本段中，出现了关键词复现：mind was ready for the unpredictable(==have unpredictable things)，与第一段中的的"preparedness of the minds"照应。
第三，四段）从反面反驳了不科学的态度方法，并反面论证了这类人最终导致的后果。
第三段：
第一层（1句）：本段主题句（作者持否定态度），这里再次关键词同义复现：scientific method <--->imaginative thought
第二层（余下句）：举反例以说明这位科学家以“科学方法”代替“想象性思维”，即忽视对unpredictable things 的 speculation
第四段：执著于“科学方法”的人最终的后果（victim of his own writings）
第一层（1-2句）指出只讲“scientific method"的人给自己及management带来的危害。
第二层（余下句）通过三个并列关系的句子来具体论证如何带来危害。
⑷长难句分析（第四段第二层，即从If experiments are planned and carried到work well with the team为止）
①翻译：
本层中的第1句话： 如果真实地按照科学杂志的论文所说的计划实验和据此实行实验，那么管理层期望研究能产生以金钱衡量的结果就非常合乎逻辑了。
②这个长难句的结构框架
第一句：If A， it is perfectly logical to X
第二句：It is entirely reasonable to X'
第三句: Nor， if B， is Y。 即 If B， management is not Y。
易知，X和X'都是因A而产生的结果；而Y是因B产生的结果。
本层第1句中，if所引的A是“stick to scientific method"的科学家的观点、做法，即这些科学家认为实验应与杂志上发表的论文指出的一致；作者对此是否定的，因为作者在前文一再强调了实验中的不可预测性（unpredictable），从而作者对这句的后半部分，即X，也是否认的。
由于X和X'都是因A而产生的结果，故作者对第2句也是否定的。
第3句，其分析类似于第1句，由上文的语气和三个句子的并列结构，知作者也否认B，从而否认“not is management to be blamed for。。。。"。注意，在if所引导的句子中，有一个“as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect”，是说科学家的论文写作反映出规律性，与某种标准模式的一致符合性，也即predictable，这正照应了第二段最后一句中的 “scientists tend to forget this (unpredictable things)when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals(这句话是说科学家在写论文时，却往往使论文表现出可预测性，而不是不可预测性)”。
（注意：本文中出现了predict(第二段)及speculate。要注意分清predict不同与speculate。predict: to say in advance that something will happen。 speculate: to form opinions without having definite or complete knowledge or evidence。作者是赞同speculate the unpredictable的，但反对predict anything ）
⑸关键词的同义复现
作者批驳的科学研究方式 作者举张的科学研究方式
第一段 experiments it prepares preparedness of the minds
第二段 （无） minds was ready for unpredictable
第三段 scientific method imaginative thought
⑹题解及分析
第一题：
题型： 举例
命题处： 第一段（并与第二段前半部分有关）
解题技巧：凡例子，名言均是为所在段的观点服务的。由第一段主旨句的关键词"preparedness of the minds"可知选A。同时，第二段中更明确地讲了这个例子的作用，其中有"ready for the unpredictable"。
规律总结：凡例子，引言，谚语均是为所在段的观点服务的，有时，也是为全篇主旨服务的。
第二题：
题型： 推断
命题处： 第三段第一句（主题句）
出题实质：实质上是问的全篇主旨
解题技巧: 本段主题句说的是有些科学家用“scientific method"代替"imaginative thought(==speculate the unpredictable)"；此外，由这段的例子，尤其是"the scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate"，还有下一段的“what this amounts to is that the scientist has become the victim，知作者对”find scientific method a substitute for imaginative thought "是持否定的。故知B
干扰项分析:A项考察"X is a substitute for Y"和"replace X with Y"在意义表达上的区别。稍不仔细，就会误选。前者的意思是X取代Y;后者的意思是Y取代X。
规律总结:
(1) 可以看出，近年命题越来越偏向在备选项中考察语法词汇知识中的难点，模糊点。
(2)强干扰项往往出现在正确项前面。这样可以增加命题难度。
5. It is precisely because （原因）…that （导致结果）… [强调结构]
6. …, as a result, …（导致结果）… [as a result做插入语]
7. （原因）be responsible for（结果） [常见句型]
8. （原因），which in turn（结果）
eg. They give rise to unfair competition, which in turn throws original businesses into a commercial panic.
（二）采取措施，提出建议
1. My suggestion to deal with/solve/relieve the problem are as follows. In the first place,…. Secondly,…. Finally,… [常见句型]
2. If we let the situation go as it is, …. By that time, …. 如果让这种情况继续发展下去，那么……。到那个时候，……。[比较好的句型]
3. More and more people are realizing the importance of…[进行时态， more and more比many好]
4. Great efforts/More measures/Due attention must be taken/paid to do …[ 被动语态，due attention 和be paid to 搭配]
5. If……, will there be anything that can make me even happier? 如果（我们怎么怎么做），那将没有比这令我更高兴的了。[条件句，反问句]
6. It is important/necessary/urgent/desirable(希望)/advisable(明智) for sb. to do sth. [It is …for …to do…句型]
7. enhance the awareness of people that…
8. The first nut for us to crack is… 我们首先要解决的是……。 [比The first thing we should do is … 句型 高级的多，精彩的多，生动的多]
9. ……as soon as possible [常见句型]
10. sth. be of the utmost importance [ be of n. 结构， 比sth. be much important好]
（三）方式，比较
1. (Just) as …, so… 正如… [ 比较句型 ]
eg. Just as water is the most important of liquids, so air is the most important of gases.
2. in much the same way/manner that… 正如…, 和…一样
eg. The Americans spend Christmas Day in much the same way that the Europeans do.
（四）让步
1. now that …… 既然…… [让步从句]
eg. Now that the decision has been made, we must try our best to carry it out.
2. unless…not… [ 让步从句]
eg. It is a vicious cycle and unless you consider these social, economic and environmental problems in one context, you are not serious about meeting the challenges. [注意例句中的consider sth. in one context句型:把什么事情放在一起加以综合考虑]
（五）递进
1. But that is only part of the story/explanation. Perhaps the most significant/remarkable/surprising about… is…… 但是这只是整个原因(事件)的一部分.也许关于…的更重要的/更显著的/令人吃惊的是……[更进一步地解释原因,阐述观点,使文章更通顺,句型中的 story并不仅指故事,也可以转意成原因,解释,说明等]
eg. But that is only part of the story. The most remarkable thing about daydreaming may be its usefulness in shaping our future lives as we want them to be.
2. …represent only the tip of the iceberg. …..只是冰山一角
eg. The debate between these teachers represents only the tip of the iceberg. More debate is stir up between governments and students.
（六）强调句
1. only [既是强调句,又是倒装句]
eg. Only in this way can you hope to improve the present situation.
2. It is …that…
eg. It is because he was too careless that he failed in the exam.
3. nothing but 只不过；只有…
eg. If what we have been striving for is nothing but pleasure-seeking, our nation will be deprived of the right to rise.(这里nothing but 可以去掉,不影响句意,但有了nothing but,就强调了后面的名词)
（七）假设
1. Supposing……, it is likely that…. 假设…, 那么很可能… [假设, 虚拟语态]
eg. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc. from an advertisement.
（八）反问
1. What else can …? ……..还能做什么呢?
eg. What else can the poor parents do but obey? 这些可怜的家长除了听从外还能做什么呢?
2. How could ……? 怎能….
eg. How could I put the English books aside to read pastime books?
（九）比较
1. A is to B what X is to Y. A对于B 就象X对于Y
eg. Food is to man what oil is to machines.
2. ……more…, less…
eg. The closer to Christmas, the crazier they get; they become more agitated, less patient.
（十）否定
1. 双重否定
not uncommon = common 平常的,普通的
not unusual = usual 平常的，通常的
not inevitable=evitable 可以避免的
(尽量把要强调的普通的形容词改成双重否定, 为文章多增加亮点)
2. by no means 并没有;当然不
3. no longer/more 不再
eg. I am no longer that ignorant girl.
（十一）程度
1. all the more 更加
eg. That makes London all the more fascinating, doesn’t it?
eg. It is all the more surprising therefore that…
2. more than 做副词, 意为 “多过…”, “比…以上”, “比…更”
eg. I am more than happy to hear from you.
3. more than you can… 远超过你…
eg. The situation is very abominable more than you can stand.环境非常恶劣,你无法忍受.
（十二）论相互关系
1. A have much(nothing) to do with B
2. A be closely related to B
3.A be directly bound up with B
4. a definite link between …and…
（十三）转折
1. While it is true that …., it doesn’t mean that …. On the contrary….虽然…是正确的,但是这并不意味着…. 而恰恰相反….
（十四）直陈观点
1. more than…can 简直不,无法,难以…
eg. The beauty of the city is more than I can describe.
2. beyond description 无法描述
eg. The beauty of the city is beyond description.
3. There is no point(use) in doing… …是没有任何意义的.
4. The first nut for us to crack is … 我们首先要解决的问题是…
5. short-sighted policy 眼光短浅的政策
6. while ……with one hand, ……with the other. 当(我们)一方面…., 而另一方面…
eg. While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand, it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other.
7. far from 远离,远远不,非但不
eg. Far from taking exception(take exception:反对), no one is even mildly surprised.
8. be bound to
eg. Any discussion of this topic is bound to question the aims of education.
9. (or) vice-versa 反之亦然
10. sth. be measured in terms of … sth. 用…来衡量
eg. “success” is measured in terms of freedom from insecurity.
11…. (现象)…, upon which views vary from person to person.
12.A be more essential to B. 对B来说, A是尤为关键重要的.
13.Distinguished scientific accomplishment is a matter of opportunity and of continuous and concentrated effort over long years. (很优美的句子,值得借鉴)
14. from the …point of view 从…角度来看
eg. From the health point of view 从健康的角度来看
15. ……must be rooted out in order to …. …必须根除以…
eg. Moral corruption must be rooted out in order to preserve the integrity of the state. 为了使国家健康发展,必须根除***.
16. …represent only the tip of the iceberg. …….只是冰山一角
eg. The most famous stars represent only the tip of the iceberg.
17. The rapid progress in science and technology has given a powerful shove-ahead to the productive forces of the world and the economic and social development of humanity. 科技的快速发展带给世界生产力和人类经济和社会的发展一个强劲的推动力(2001年***的七.一讲话).
18. ….stand tall and aim far, broaden one’s vision and give full play to one’s intelligence and wisdom on the broad arena of reform, opening-up and the modernization drive. 站的高看的远,开扩自己的视野,在改革开放和现代化建设的大舞台上充分发挥个人才智(2001年***的七.一讲话). (句中很多的词组都是作文中可以运用到的,比如改革开放:reform (and) opening-up等)
19….demonstrate the value of one’s life and work hard to achieve feats that will live up to the expectations of the people and the times. 证实自己的人生价值,努力的工作取得成就,而不辜负人民和时代的期望. (出处同上，适合在文章结尾喊口号，表雄心)
20.When asked about…, the overwhelming majority of people say that ….But other people think of … as…. / But I think quite differently. (对报刊上某一问题(已有不同的人发表了不同的观点)发表自己的观点)
21.It is generally believed/accepted/held that… 通常认为….
22 It is no denying the fact that…. 无可否认…
23….. , so…that…
eg. The river is very clear, so clear that you can see the fishes coming and going in it.
eg. Everything is covered with a thick layer of dust, so poisonous that all the grass, trees, vegetables and flowers gradually die.
（十五）辨证分析
1. Just as the popular saying goes, “Every coin has two sides”. From one side,…. from the other side,…. 正如一个谚语所说的, “每个硬币都有两面(事物都是一分为二的)”.从一方面看….. 从另一方面来看…..
（十六） 比喻,拟人
1. They are taken prisoners by fame and their achievements turn into a bar to further advance.
2. True and deep love of life is the spring from which flow courage, confidence and power.
3. The lake saw me reading early in the morning; the library found me leaving late in the evening.(用来形容一个人非常努力的学习, 就正如你现在非常努力的复习考研一样).
（十七）副词
1. admittedly 应当承认:
Admittedly, a few governments have taken timid measures.
2. simply 简而言之:
The answer is simply money.
3. discreetly 小心谨慎地:
point out discreetly that…
4. conceivably 可以想象地:
Smoking may, conceivably, be harmful.
5. surely 肯定地:
This is surely the most short-sighted policy you could imagine.
6. eagerly 渴望地
7. increasingly 不断增长地
While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand, it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other.
8. honestly: 诚实地:
the government is honestly concerned about the welfare of its people政府真心实意地关心它的人民的福利
9. certainly: 当然地
As individuals we are certainly weak, but if …作为个人,我们当然是弱小的,但是如果…