Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals.Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now.
41).Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago.That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land,often of the plants that grew on it,and even of its climate.
42).Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action,and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water.Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.
43).There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance.The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming.The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses.They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.
44). Of these,the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.
45).About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.
[A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
[B]Nevertheless,we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.
[C]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes,first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.
[D]The best index fossils tend to be marine creature. There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.
[E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forma are more complex,and among these are the sealilies, relations of the starfishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.
[F]When an animal dies,the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.
[G]Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.
42.本题考查寻找特征词的能力。在该题中，根据就近原则在该题后的句子中找到“the fossils”和“water action”为特征词。“the fossils”说明“fossils”一词是至少是第二次出现，因为它前面加了定冠词the，通过仔细观察并不难发现，42以及其前面的内容中都没有fossils，这就确定fossils一词必定出现在41，42中。根据意群相一致原则，在42中必定要与“water action”同现或复现的语言点。综上所述，有同时满足以上两个条件的选项才是正确答案。虽然[G]项一开始就有“how fossils are preserved”, 但是[G]项讲的是动物遗体上的有机组织转化形式，没有提及水的活动。选项［F］中就多次提到水在化石形成过程中的重要作用，与上下文相符合。
43.本题选择的特征词是“also”。“also”表并列关系，这就证明在43前面的句子中应当与also后的crablike creatures相并列，即空白处显然有关于另一动物的内容；从本段开始，文章转向讨论由低级高级变化(进化)中的动物。[E]项开始的部分是“The earliest animals whose remains have been found.”,符合文章写作的顺序。[B]项与上文相符，但与下文不符，且与全文结构不相吻合。
44.本题选择的特征词是these以及与其具有同指关系的ammonites 和They 。通过阅读44以后的两个句子不难发现，these，ammonites ，They是指同一事物，意即有“shell”的事物。同时44后一开始就有“Of these,...”,也就是说，空白部分应该有“some, several, many”或类似的词，答案只能是[A]。由于文中有了“The first animals”,为避免句式上的重复，作者改变句子起始的模式。这种做法很多见，因而也是考生阅读和写作中应该注意的。
45.该题目是一道简单试题，一方面这是一道段落题，这就决定了有可能选最长的选项为答案，另一方面根据就近原则在下一段首句中发现的About 75 million years ago成为我们解题的关键。从文章的整体结构看，这里需要一个内容的“高潮”：前面几段，动物都在不断地进化，而下文中“About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over”,这里需要有一个“交代”。只有[C]项符合这一条件；同时，“reptile”在本题空白处前文章中从没有提到，在下文中又没有作为新信息，因而作为正确答案的选项中一定有这个词，只有[C]项中有“The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea,and in the air”。所以正确答案只能是[C]。
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
［A］I just don’t know how to motivate them to do a better job. We’re in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It’s hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn’t—it’s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn’t much you can do about it.
［B］Finally, I can’t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it’s not true.If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and intervetions that get noticed.
［C］I’ve got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat, They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies.
［D］“Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that’s not fair—too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.”
［E］The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.
［F］So I just don’t know What to do. I’ve been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work.
［G］A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation—how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.
Order:
G→41→42→43→44→45→F
Directions:
You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45).There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar“tombstone”that lists where you went to school and where you’ve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the “functional”resume—descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.
It’s handy to have a “tombstone”for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested“tombstone”lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead.
What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read—a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers.
41. Put yourself first:
In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself.
42. Sell what you can do, not who you are:
Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work.
Toot your own horn!
Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch-if only you show it.
43.Be specific, be concrete, and be brief!
Remember that “brevity is the best policy.”
44.Turn bad news into good:
Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side.
45.Never apologize:
If you’ve returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph(summary of background)in place of a chronology of experience. Don’t apologize for working as being a mother; it’s the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just don’t mention education.
The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don’t worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishments (leadership skills, budget management skills, child development skills etc.)Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before you’ve ready to show it to a stranger(friends are usually too kind)for a reaction. When you’ve satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right.
Isn’t that the kind of person you’d want working for your?
［A］A woman who lost her job as a teacher’s aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote:“Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teacher’s aide she would rehire if government funds became available.”
［B］One resume I received included the following:“invited by my superior to straighten out our organization’s accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion.”Notice how this woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her reward—all in 34 words.
［C］For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money management skills.
［D］An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement“Ready to learn though not so well educated”.
［E］One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background.
［F］A woman once told me about a cashflow crisis her employer had faced. She’d agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasn’t in her resume. She answered,“It wasn’t important.”What she was really saying of course was“I’m not important.”
第二点，“Sell what you can do,not who you are ”。字面意思是给别人展示你能干什么，而不是你是什么样的人。要强调能力而不是性格。下面的解释是这样的：“要学会把自己的个性和成就转变限制到某个具体技能领域中，世界上有至少5000种技能领域”(意思是，这么多技能中，总有一种和你自己的经验相吻合)。再带着这个观点来看后面的选项，文后的例子中［C］项是这么说的：“例如，如果你有节约、投资、管理钱财的天分，那么你拥有理财的能力。”这就是把一般的个性特征和相关的技能领域结合起来的例子。
第三点，“Be specific,be concrete,and be brief!”意思就是说要简洁、具体。可以推断，相关的例子应该是表现出简历具体、简洁的一面。哪个选项说明了这一点呢？［B］项描写一位女士仅用了34个词就把重点说明白了，这反映的是简洁这一特色。
第四点，“Turn bad news into good”字面意思是将坏消息变成好消息。下面解释道：“每个人在工作中总有不尽如人意的地方。如果要提到这些事，那么从积极、正面的角度去看。”可以看出，这点就是要让应聘者把自己不利的方面换一种表达方式，变不利为有利。［A］选项描述了一个女助教因为政府缩减资金而被解雇，这本来是工作经历中不太好的一面，但是这位女士谈起此事时提到这么一句，“校长说了，如果政府的资金够的话，她第一个重聘的就是我”，从而变不利为有利，使人看到她的优势。
A. “重点词原则”：阅读整个段落，将段落中的重点词句找出，重点词句主要是指：
a反复出现的词
b括号里的词
c引号里的词
B.“干扰排除原则”：段落中未展开详细例证说明的选项往往是干扰选项，应该予以排除；
C. “排除原则”：某段话的答案确定后，将该选项划去，以防止影响其他题目的作答。
四、大纲样题
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
［A］What to do as a student?
［B］Various definitions of plagiarism
［C］Ideas should always be sourced.
［D］Ignorance can be forgiven.
［E］Plagiarism is equivalent to theft.
［F］The consequences of plagiarism
Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person.s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated,plagiarism is“the wrongful appropriation or purloinning, and publication as one’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”
41
The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.
42
Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequentces may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.
43
Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.
44
Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography--are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them, the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.
45
The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.
The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.
然后，再具体看每段文章各自说明的重点。文章第1段是解释抄袭是怎么回事。第2段的第一句话已经暗示了41题的答案，“The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation.” 中penalties是plagiarism的结果，而在6个选项中， F项中的The consequences of plagiarism (抄袭的后果)刚好与penalties相对应。第３段又说到，学生们应该避免抄袭，而造成抄袭又可以分为3种情况：偶然、无知和故意。这段主要将抄袭限制在学生身上，选项中Ａ提到了学生，与这段内容一致。接下来的三段是对学生三种抄袭情况的进一步说明。第４段是关于偶然因疏忽抄袭的，提到原因是不知道出处，并且提到这种抄袭是最不恶劣的，选项Ｃ是说出处问题，Ｄ是说这种忽视可以谅解，是关于惩罚的，似乎两个选项都有关系。再看第５段，强调的是作者都应该学会标注引用的来源，如果没有标注，免不了要受到抨击。因此选项Ｃ最能体现这一点，最为切合。那么利用排除法，４３题选A。再看43题所处段落中说，这种抄袭的情况是最轻的一种，是可以饶恕的，所以D选项最贴切。