考研英语完型填空讲义
主讲：任治远
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本讲义包括综述部分以及1994年－2006年的真题及答案。页码跟老师说的不一样，请学员根据年份来找到老师所讲相对应的文章。
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综 述
总述“三五三十”；讲解1个“伎俩”和2个“技巧”。
◎认知了解完型填空的大纲测试要求、文章特点、出题原则及规律、主要考点分布。
“三五三十”：四个数字是我们课程的中心主线。
大纲测试要求：“完型填空主要测试考生结合上下文的综合理解能力和语言运用能力，即在阅读理解基础上对篇章结构、语法和词汇知识的运用能力”。这就是“三大要求”。
特点：
1、 首段首句不出题（240～290字）（每隔4-15个出一个空），有它的目的性和合理性；
2、 完型填空所写答案是最佳答案，而不是最正确答案。
3、 普遍联系的观点解完型填空的每个题。（鸟笼思想，一个空的正确有时取决其它空。）这也就是01年为什么考研考试取消了词汇语法题目和完型填空题目好于词汇语法题目的原因所在。四六级的考试也在效仿这样的变化。
4、 体裁：（议论文，说明文为主，很少有记叙文）（94年开始语言、睡眠、维生素，98年的临时工、工业革命发展。。。）
5、 完美性
① 有一个明确的主题
② 有鲜明的态度，指的是非自然科学类文章
③ 文章全是总分结构
测试要点
1、阅读能力
① 对文章整体把握和理解
② 上下段、上下句之间的逻辑关系
③ 句子的内部结构（复杂句多），这是考研完型题目随着考研考试本身一起“变难”的地方
2、 英语知识运用能力（正式名称）
1）结构识别――语法能力（20%）
2）固定习语、搭配――介词（10%）
3）词义辨析及使用（70%）
如何准备完型填空：
突破词汇关，尤其是常考词组，容易混淆的词。
熟悉历年真题。考查英语基础和水平，不能和出国考试同时。语法。
精读历年文章，分析文章作者态度和内在结构。
完型填空的发展规律
1- 题型、数量变化，分值没有改变（大纲变化）
2000以前，150-180词，10分，10个空。
2001之后，240-280词，10分，20个空。
2- 难度增加
2000以前，所选文章难度适中，或者说偏易。
2001以后，文章难度向阅读理解靠拢，复杂句增多。
3- 题材
1997从科普类过渡到社会科学类，工农业、法律、信息、社会和青少年成长的话题。
1992 太空探索；1993 建筑设计；1994 语言使用；1995 睡眠问题；1996 维生素；
1997有关临时工的问题
1998有关如何评价工业革命的问题
1999有关如何实现安全生产的问题
2000有关农民实现经济自足的问题
2001有关限制媒体报道在法律审判中的影响的问题
2002有关人类信息社会发展过程的问题
2003有关如何帮助青少年适应变化的问题
2004有关青少年犯罪的主题
2005有关人类嗅觉的问题
2006有关无家可归者的问题。
4- 2003年正式更名为“英语知识综合运用”错误选项干扰项较强，不易得分。
5- 考点选项：
年份 虚词比例 各种词汇比例
94 1/10 2名 1动 2形 1副 2代1动组 1介
95 3/10 1名 3动 2形 1动组 1连 1介 1介组
96 1/10 1名 3动 2形 3副 1连组
97 4/10 1名 3动 1形 1副 2连 1介 1连组
98 2/10 1名 3动 2形 2副 2介
99 2/10 3名 2动 1形 1副 1动组 1连 1介
00 3/10 2名 3动 1形 1副 1介 1连组 1介组
01 5/20 1名 7动 4形 3副 1连 4介 注，大纲样题。
01 5/20 4名 10动 1形 2连 1介 1连组 1介组
02 6/20 5名 3动 4形 2副 2连 3介 1介组
03 2/20 7名 5动 2形 2副 2副组 1连 1连组
04 5/20 5名 6动 2形 1副 1副组 4连 1介
05 5/20 1名 7动 4形 2副 1副组 2连 1介 1连组 1介组
06 5/20 2名 8动 1动组 2形 3副 3连 1介
时间 介词 语法结构 词义辨析 短语
1994年 1 3 5 1
1995年 1 1 6 2
1996年 0 3 7 0
1997年 1 3 6 0
1998年 2 1 7 0
1999年 1 2 6 1
2000年 1 2 6 0
2001年 1 5 14 0
2002年 2 3 14 1
2003年 0 4 16 0
2004年 1 4 14 1
2005年 1 4 13 2
2006年 1 4 14 1
从上面的两个表可以看出，词义辨析题在完形填空中占绝大多数，差不多是70%，最近的6套真题里面实词考查也是达到了77％。；其次是考查语法现象，结构识别在近三年来都是占到20%；介词选择基本上是1～2个，只有1996年和2003年没有考介词题；短语也是1~2个，但有一半的年份没有考短语辨析。
6- 选项词汇特点
从选项中具体的词汇考虑，94～06年的13套题目里面的760选项一共考查了600个不同的单词(词组)，重复率近30％。这里的统计忽略了名词的单复数不同、忽略的动词的时态不同（例如claimed和claims）、也忽略了绝对的同源词汇（例如admission和admitted）。结果发现有下列单词不只一次出现：
出现2次的有：
above、 admit、 against、 alter、 and、 any、 anything、 anyway、 approve、 apparent、 as if、 assist、 assume、 aware、 case、 change、 concept、 confide、 confined、 conviction、 create、 describe、discover、 display、 dispose、 distinguish、 durable、 effect、 either、 enhance、 even、 even if、 except that、 excess、expense、 few、 for example、 frequently、 fundamental、 hence、 identifiable、 immediate、 improper、 indeed、 inference、 instant、 interpret、 maintain、 make、 manifest、 means、 meanwhile、message、 method、 neglect、 nevertheless、 notice、 obvious、 off、 on average、 or、 other than、 out、 over、 popularity、 predict、 preliminary、 produce、 publicity、 raise、 range、 rarely、 receive、 reduce、 reliable、 regulation、 required、 response、 sensitive、 search、 shift、 short、 so that、something、 some、 stand、 still、 subject、 such as、 supply、 survive、 sustain、 take、 through、 to、 tolerate、 toward、 track、 transfer、 turn、 undertake、 until、 upon。
一共103个词（词组），其中虚词只占18％。
出现3次的有：
about、 available、 because、 before、 capacity、 claim、 differ、 expose、 general、 if、 ignoring、 incident、 now that、 of、 offer、 only if、 particular、 provide、 restriction、 similar、 so、 unless、 what、 when、 which、 while。
一共26个词（词组），其中虚词占47％。
出现4次的有：
at、 but、 however、 if only、 if、 moreover、 stimulate、 therefore、 whereas。
一共9个词（词组），其中虚词占67％。
【以下的高频词汇，均为虚词。可见。。。】
出现5次的有：although、by。
出现6次的有：in。
出现7次的有：as、since、on。
出现8次的只有：with。
出现9次的也只有：for。
从上面的数据我们可以看出绝大多数的实词不会高频出现，但是反复出现的实词也必须引起我们的足够的重视和注意；而虚词出现的频率很高。
而从答案层面分析，我们仍然可以看出一些现象：
“against” “any” “apparent” “as if” “available” “frequently” “message” “nevertheless” “nor” “publication” “such as” “something” “upon” 14个词（词组）均出现过2次，每次都作为正确答案出现。
“because”“while”均出现过3次，每次都作为正确答案出现。
而“although”“but”“by”“capacity”“however”“moreover”“of”“offer”“only if”“that”“which”“whereas”这12个词出现的时候，作为正确答案的几率也很高（超过和占到半数）。
而某些单词出现过3次或是很多，比如，“about”“at”“if only”“if”“now that”“restrict”“provided”“similar”“since”“stimulate”“unless”“what”，但是从来都不作为正确答案出现，我们是否可以认为这些词汇就是传说中的“绿叶词汇”或是“永陪选项”？
比较常见的几种逻辑关系：
并列关系:
and, and also, or, neither…nor, either…or, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, same…as
递进关系:
then, also, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more
因果关系:
because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so(such)…that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, in response to, with, for this reason, lead to, too…to
转折关系:
but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of
让步关系:
although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of
其他：
列举关系: first—second—last of all, first—then, to begin with—to continue/next, on one hand—on the other hand, for one thing—for another thing, one—another, some—others—still others
举例关系: such as, for example, for instance, of these/those/them, among these/those/them, to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely
总结关系: in all, in brief, in short, in a word, in conclusion, altogether, to sum up, to summarize, to conclude, to generalize, to put it in one word
历年真题
1994年
Passage 1
The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is 41 the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of 42 breakdown in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words 43 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may 44 unfavorable reactions in the listener 45 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down.
46 inaccurate or indefinite words may make 47 difficult for the listener to understand the 48 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 49 to explain or describe in a 50 that can be understood by his listeners.
41.[A] of [B] at [C] for [D] on
42.[A] inaccessible [B] timely [C] likely [D] invalid
43.[A] encourages [B] prevents [C] destroy [D] offers
44.[A] pass out [B] take away [C] back up [D] stir up
45.[A] who [B] as [C] which [D] what
46.[A] Moreover [B] However [C] Preliminarily [D] Unexpectedly
47.[A] that [B] it [C] so [D] this
48.[A] speech [B]sense [C] message [D] meaning
49.[A] obscure [B] difficult [C] impossible [D] unable
50.[A] case [B] means [C]method [D]way
1995年
Passage 2
Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 41 kind of sleep is at all well understood, but REM sleep is 42 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 43 . The new experiments, such as these 44 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 45 of non-REM sleep.
For example, it has long been known that total sleep 46 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 47 examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now 48 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 49 bacterial infections of the blood, 50 their immune systems — the self-protecting mechanism against diseases — had crashed.
41.[A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any
42.[A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred
43.[A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful
44.[A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded
45.[A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose
46.[A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction
47.[A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with
48.[A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on
49.[A] developed [B] produced [C] stimulated [D] induced
50.[A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if only
1996年
Passage 3
Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.
They do not provide energy, 41 do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for 42 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if 43 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 44 .
Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements — usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 45 nitrogen. They are different 46 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 47 one or more specific functions in the body.
48 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 49 vitamins. Many people, 50 . believe in being on the "safe side" and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the body' s vitamin needs.
41.[A]either [B]so [C]nor [D]never
42.[A]shifting [B]transferring [C]altering [D]transforming
43.[A]any [B]some [C]anything [D]something
44.[A]serious [B]apparent [C]severe [D]fatal
45.[A]mostly [B]partially [C]sometimes [D]rarely
46.[A]in that [B]so that [C]such that [D]except that
47.[A]undertakes [B]holds [C]plays [D]performs
48.[A]Supplying [B]Getting [C]Providing [D]Furnishing
49.[A]exceptional [B]exceeding [C]excess [D]external
50.[A]nevertheless [B]therefore [C]moreover [D]meanwhile
1997年
Passage 4
Manpower Inc, with 560,000 workers, is the world's largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 41 into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day's work for a day's pay. One day at a time. 42 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 43 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.
44 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temporary workers. This "45" work force is the most important 46 in American business today, and it is 47 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49 by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 50 that came from being a loyal employee.
41.[A] swarm [B] stride [C] separate [D] slip
42.[A] For [B] Because [C] As [D] Since
43.[A] from [B] in [C] on [D] by
44.[A] Even though [B] Now that [C] If only [D] Provided that
45.[A] durable [B] disposable [C] available [D] transferable
46.[A] approach [B] flow [C] fashion [D] trend
47.[A] instantly [B] reversely [C] fundamentally [D] sufficiently
48.[A] but [B] while [C] and [D] whereas
49.[A] imposed [B] restricted [C] illustrated [D] confined
50.[A] excitement [B] conviction [C] enthusiasm [D] importance
1998年
Passage 5
Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42 man. But they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population. 45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.
This view, 47 . is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48 history and economics, have 49 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.
41.[A] admitted [B] believed [C] claimed [D] predicted
42.[A] plain [B] average [C] mean [D] normal
43.[A] momentary [B] prompt [C] instant [D] immediate
44.[A] bulk [B] host [C] gross [D] magnitude
45.[A] on [B] With [C] For [D] By
46.[A] broadly [B] thoroughly [C] generally [D] completely
47.[A] however [B] meanwhile [C] therefore [D] moreover
48.[A] at [B] in [C] about [D] for
49.[A] manifested [B] approved [C] shown [D] speculated
50.[A] noted [B] impressed [C] labeled [D] marked
1999年
Passage 6
Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 41 low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 42 and active. When the work is well done, a 43 of accident-free operations is established 44 time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.
Successful safety programs may 45 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 46 rules or regulations. 47 others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.
There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety 48 . The fewer the injury 49 . the better the workman's insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at 50 or at a loss.
41.[A] at [B] in [C] on [D] with
42.[A] alive [B] vivid [C] mobile [D] diverse
43.[A] regulation [B] climate [C] circumstance [D] requirement
44.[A] where [B] how [C]what [D] unless
45.[A] alter [B] differ [C] shift [D] distinguish
46.[A] constituting [B] aggravating [C] observing [D] justifying
47.[A] some [B] Many [C] Even [D] still
48.[A] comes off [B] turns up [C] pays off [D] holds up
49.[A] claims [B] reports [C] declarations [D] proclamations
50.[A] an advantage [B] a benefit [C] an interest [D] a profit
2000年
Passage 7
If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain 41 consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family 42 he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 43 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 44 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 45 the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation 46 and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is .available, a farmer cannot be 47 .He must either sell some of his property or 48 extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 49 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 50 obtainable.
41.[A] other than [B] as well as [C] instead of [D] more than
42.[A] only of [B] much as [C] long before [D] ever since
43.[A] for [B] against [C] of [D] towards
44.[A] replace [B] purchase [C] supplement [D] dispose
45.[A] enhance [B] mix [C] feed [D] raise
46.[A] vessels [B] routes [C] paths [D] channels
47.[A] self-confident [B] self-sufficient [C] self-satisfied [D] self-restrained
48.[A] search [B] save [C] offer [D] seek
49.[A] proportion [B] percentage [C] rate [D] ratio
50.[A] genuinely [B] obviously [C] presumably [D] frequently
2001年
Passage 7
The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West.
In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 33 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 34 and will strictly control the amount of 35 that can be given to a case 36 a trial begins.
In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 37 with a committee report this year which said that self-regulation did not 38 sufficient control.
39 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 40 of media protest when he said the 41 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 42 to Parliament.
The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 43 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 44 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 45 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.
"Press freedoms will be in safe hands 46 our British judges," he said.
Witness payments became an 47 after West sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 48 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 49 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 50 guilty verdict.
31.[A] as to [B] for instance [C] in particular [D] such as
32.[A] tightening [B] intensifying [C] focusing [D] fastening
33.[A]sketch [B] rough [C] preliminary [D] draft
34.[A]illogical [B] illegal [C] improbable [D] improper
35.[A]publicity [B] penalty [C] popularity [D] peculiarity
36.[A]since [B] if [C] before [D] as
37.[A]sided [B] shared [C] complied [D] agreed
38.[A]present [B] offer [C] manifest [D] indicate
39.[A]Release [B] Publication [C] Printing [D] Exposure
40.[A]storm [B] rage [C] flare [D] flash
41.[A]translation [B] interoperation [C] exhibition [D] demonstration
42.[A]better than [B] other than [C] rather than [D] sooner than
43.[A]changes [B] makes [C] sets [D] turns
44.[A] binding [B] convincing [C] restraining [D] sustaining
45.[A] authorized [B] credited [C] entitled [D] qualified
46.[A] with [B] to [C] from [D] by
47.[A] impact [B] incident [C] inference [D] issue
48.[A] stated [B] remarked [C] said [D] told
49.[A] what [B] when [C] which [D] that
50.[A] assure [B] confide [C] ensure [D] guarantee
2002年
Passage 9
Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 21 . As was discussed before, it was not 22 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic 23 , following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 24 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 25 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 26 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 27 the 20th century world of the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that process in 28 It is important to do so.
It is generally recognized, 29 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 30 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s,radically changed the process, 31 its impact on the media was not immediately 32 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became " personal" too, as well as 33 , with display becoming sharper and storage 34 increasing. They were thought of, like people, 35 generations, with the distance between generations much 36 .
It was within the computer age that the term "information society" began to be widely used to describe the 37 within which we now live. The communications revolution has 38 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 39 views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. "Benefits" have been weighed 40 "harmful" outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.
21.[A] between [B] before [C] since [D] later
22.[A] after [B] by [C] during [D] until
23.[A] means [B] method [C] medium [D] measure
24.[A] process [B] company [C] light [D] form
25.[A] gathered [B] speeded [C] worked [D] picked
26.[A] on [B] out [C] over [D] off
27.[A] of [B] for [C] beyond [D] into
28.[A] concept [B] dimension [C] effect [D] perspective
29.[A] indeed [B] hence [C] however [D] therefore
30.[A] brought [B] followed [C] stimulated [D] characterized
31.[A] unless [B] since [C] lest [D] although
32.[A] apparent [B] desirable [C] negative [D] plausible
33.[A] institutional [B] universal [C] fundamental [D] instrumental
34.[A] ability [B] capability [C] capacity [D] faculty
35.[A] by means of [B] in terms of [C] with regard to [D] in line with
36.[A] deeper [B] fewer [C] nearer [D] smaller
37.[A] context [B] range [C] scope [D] territory
38.[A] regarded [B] impressed [C] influenced [D] effected
39.[A] competitive [B] controversial [C] distracting [D] irrational
40.[A] above [B] upon [C] against [D] with
2003年
Passage 10
Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious 21 to how they can best 22 such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 23 . but not just in ways that emphasize competition. 24 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 25 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 26 by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 27 to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, 28 . publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, 29 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 30 opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 31 dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the 32 of some kind of organization with a supportive adult 33 visible in the background.
In these activities, it is important to remember that young teens have 34 attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 36 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 37 . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 38 they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 39 for roles that are within their 40 and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.
21. [A] thought [B] ideal [C] opinion [D] advice
22. [A] strengthen [B] accommodate [C] stimulate [D] enhance
23. [A] care [B] nutrition [C] exercise [D] leisure
24. [A] if [B] although [C] whereas [D] because
25. [A] assistance [B] guidance [C] confidence [D] tolerance
26. [A] claimed [B] admired [C] ignored [D] surpassed
27. [A] improper [B] risky [C] fair [D] wise
28. [A] in effect [B] as a result [C] for example [D] in a sense
29. [A] displaying [B] describing [C] creating [D] exchanging
30. [A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple
31. [A] group [B] individual [C] personnel [D] corporation
32. [A] consent [B] insurance [C] admission [D] security
33. [A] particularly [B] barely [C] definitely [D] rarely
34. [A] similar [B] long [C] different [D] short
35. [A] if only [B] now that [C] so that [D] even if
36. [A] everything [B] anything [C] nothing [D] something
37. [A] off [B] down [C] out [D] alone
38. [A] on the contrary [B] on the average [C] on the whole [D] on the other hand
39. [A] making [B] standing [C] planning [D] taking
40. [A] capabilities [B] responsibilities [C] proficiency [D] efficiency
2004年
Passage 11
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 21 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 22 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through 23 with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in 24 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status 25 as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, 26 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 27 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 28 to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly 29 juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 30 to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 31 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 32 lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also 33 changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; 34 , children are likely to have less supervision at home 35 was common in the traditional family 36 . This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other 37 causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased 38 of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 39 of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 40 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
21.[A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] commenting
22.[A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because
23.[A] interactions [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation
24.[A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response
25.[A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else
26.[A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding
27.[A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with
28.[A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject
29. [A] affect [B] reduce [C] check [D] reflect
30. [A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount
31. [A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length
32. [A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence
33. [A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced
34. [A] contrarily [B] consequently [C]similar [D] simultaneously
35. [A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as
36. [A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage
37. [A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible
38. [A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability
39. [A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity
40. [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposing
2001年大纲样题
During the 1980s, unemployment and underemployment in some countries was as high as 90 per cent. Some countries did not 1 enough food; basic needs in housing and clothing were not 2 . Many of these countries looked to the industrial processes of the developed nations 3 solutions.
4 , problems cannot always be solved by copying the industrialized nations. Industry in the developed nations is highly automated and very 5 . It provides fewer jobs than labor-intensive industrial processes, and highly 6 workers are needed to 7 and repair the equipment. These workers must be trained, 8 many nations do not have the necessary training institutions. Thus, the 9 of importing industry becomes higher. Students must be sent abroad to 10 vocational and professional training. 11 . just to begin training, the students must 12 learn English, French, German, or Japanese. The students then spend many years abroad, and 13 do not return home.
All nations agree that science and technology 14 be shared. The point is: countries 15 the industrial processes of the developed nations need to look care-fully 16 the costs, because many of these costs are 17 . Students from these nations should 18 the problems of the industrialized countries closely. 19 care, they will take home not the problems of science and technology, 20 the benefits.
1.[A] generate [B] raise [C] product [D] manufacture
2.[A] answered [B] met [C] calculated [D] remembered
3.[A] for [B] without [C] as [D] about
4.[A] Moreover [B] Therefore [C] Anyway [D] However
5.[A] expensive [B] mechanical [C] flourishing [D] complicated
6.[A] gifted [B] skilled [C] trained [D] versatile
7.[A] keep [B] maintain [C] retain [D] protect
8.[A] since [B] so [C] and [D] yet
9.[A] charge [B] price [C] cost [D] value
10.[A] accept [B] gain [C] receive [D] absorb
11.[A] Frequently [B] Incidentally [C] Deliberately [D] Eventually
12.[A] soon [B] quickly [C] immediately [D] first
13.[A] some [B] others [C] several [D] few
14.[A] might [B] should [C] would [D] will
15.[A] adopting [B] conducting [C] receiving [D] adjusting
16.[A] to [B] at [C] on [D] about
17.[A] opaque [B] secret [C] sealed [D] hidden
18.[A] tackle [B] learn [C] study [D] manipulate
19.[A] In [B] Through [C] With [D] Under
20.[A] except [B] nor [C] or [D] but
2005年
The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, (1) ________ this is largely because, (2) ________ animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are (3) ________ to perceiving those smells which float through the air, (4) ________ the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, (5) ________, we are extremely sensitive to smells, (6) ________ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of (7) ________ human smells even when these are (8) ________ to far below one part in one million.
Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,(9)______ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate (10) ________ smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send (11) ________ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell (12) ________can suddenly become sensitive to it when (13)________ to it often enough.
The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it (14) ________ to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can (15) ________ new receptors if necessary. This may (16) ________ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells — we simply do not need to be. We are not (17) ________of the usual smell of our own house, but we (18) ________ new smells when we visit someone else's. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors (19) ________ for unfamiliar and emergency signals (20) ________ the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.
1. [A] although [B]as [C]but [D] while
2. [A] above [B] unlike [C] excluding [D] besides
3. [A] limited [B] committed [C] dedicated [D] confined
4. [A] catching [B] ignoring [C] missing [D] tracking
5. [A] anyway [B] though [C] instead [D] therefore
6. [A] even if [B] if only [C] only if [D] as if
7. [A] distinguishing [B] discovering [C] determining [D] detecting
8. [A] diluted [B] dissolved [C] dispersed [D] diffused
9. [A] when [B] since [C] for [D] whereas
10. [A] unusual [B] particular [C] unique [D] typical
11. [A] signs [B] stimuli [C]messages [D]impulses
12. [A] at first [B]at all [C]at large [D] at times
13. [A] subjected [B] left [C] drawn [D] exposed
14. [A] ineffective [B] incompetent [C] inefficient [D] insufficient
15. [A] introduce [B] summon [C] trigger [D] create
16. [A] still [B]also [C] otherwise [D] nevertheless
17. [A] sure [B] sick [C] aware [D] tired
18. [A] tolerate [B] repel [C] neglect [D] notice
19. [A] available [B] reliable [C] identifiable [D] suitable
20. [A] similar to [B] such as [C] along with [D] aside from
2006年真题
The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. __1__ homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly __2__. To help homeless people __3__ independence, the federal government must support job training programs, __4__ the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing. __5__ everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates __6__ anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. __7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is __8__, one of the federal government’s studies __9__ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.
Finding ways to __10__ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. __11__ when homeless individuals manage to find a __12__ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day __13__ the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, __14__ not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday __15__ skills need to turn their lives __16__. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are __17__ programs that address the many needs of the homeless. __18__ Edward Blotkowsk, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, __19__ it, “There has to be __20__ of programs. What’s need is a package deal.”
1. [A] Indeed [B] Likewise [C] Therefore [D] Furthermore
2. [A] stand [B] cope [C] approve [D] retain
3. [A] in [B] for [C] with [D] toward
4. [A] raise [B] add [C] take [D] keep
5. [A] Generally [B] Almost [C] Hardly [D] Not
6. [A] cover [B]change [C]range [D]differ
7. [A]now that [B]although [C]provided [D]Except that
8. [A]inflating [B]expanding [C]increasing [D]extending
9. [A]predicts [B]displays [C]proves [D]discovers
10. [A]assist [B]track [C]sustain [D]dismiss
11. [A]Hence [B]But [C]Even [D]Only
12. [A]lodging [B]shelter [C]dwelling [D]house
13. [A]searching [B]strolling [C]crowding [D]wandering
14. [A]when [B]once [C]while [D]whereas
15. [A]life [B]existence [C]survival [D]maintenance
16. [A]around [B]over [C]on [D]up
17. [A]complex [B]comprehensive [C]complementary [D]compensating
18. [A]So [B]Since [C]As [D]Thus
19. [A]puts [B]interprets [C]assumes [D]makes
20. [A]supervision [B]manipulation [C]regulation [D]coordination
参考答案
（1994）Passage 1.ACBDC ABCDD
（1995）Passage 2.BCCBD CADAB
（1996）Passage 3.CDABC ADBCA
（1997）Passage 4. ACDAB DCBAD
（1998）Passage 5. ABDAD DABCD
（1999）Passage 6. DABAB CDCAD
（2000）Passage 7. CABAC DBDCD
（2001）Passage 8. DADBA CDBBA BCBAC ADCDC
（2002）Passage 9. ADCBB ADDCB DAACB DACBC
（2003）Passage 10. ABCDC BDCAD ADBDC DBACA
（2004）Passage 11. CDADA BCDAB ACDBA BBDAC
2001大纲样题 CBADA BBDCC ADABA BDCCD
（2005）CBACB ADADB CADCC BCDAB
（2006）DACAD ABCAA CACDC BBCAD |
谢谢了辛苦了