王佐良《欧洲文化入门》笔记和课后习题详解

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目录                                                                                        封面
内容简介、编委
目录
第1章　希腊罗马文化
　1.1　复习笔记
　1.2　课后习题详解
第2章　圣经和基督教
　2.1　复习笔记
　2.2　课后习题详解
第3章　中世纪时代
　3.1　复习笔记
　3.2　课后习题详解
第4章　文艺复兴和宗教改革
　4.1　复习笔记
　4.2　课后习题详解
第5章　第十七世纪
　5.1　复习笔记
　5.2　课后习题详解
第6章　启蒙运动时期
　6.1　复习笔记
　6.2　课后习题详解
第7章　浪漫主义
　7.1　复习笔记
第8章　马克思主义和达尔文主义
　8.1　复习笔记
第9章　现实主义
　9.1　复习笔记
　9.2　课后习题详解
第10章　现代主义和其他趋势
　10.1　复习笔记
　10.2　课后习题详解
                                                                                                                                                                                                    内容简介                                                                                            


　　我国各大院校一般都把国内外通用的权威教科书作为本科生和研究生学习专业课程的参考教材，这些教材甚至被很多考试（特别是硕士和博士入学考试）和培训项目作为指定参考书。为了帮助读者更好地学习专业课，我们有针对性地编著了一套与国内外教材配套的复习资料，并提供配套的名师讲堂、e书和题库。
　　《欧洲文化入门》（王佐良主编，外语教学与研究出版社）一直被用作高等院校英语专业英美概况教材，被许多院校指定为英语专业考研必读书和学术研究参考书。为了帮助读者更好地学习这套教材，我们精心编著了它的配套辅导用书（均提供免费下载，免费升级）：
　　1．王佐良《欧洲文化入门》笔记和课后习题详解
　　2．王佐良《欧洲文化入门》【教材精讲+考研真题解析】讲义与视频课程【40小时高清视频】
　　3．王佐良《欧洲文化入门》配套题库【课后习题+章节题库（含名校考研真题）+模拟试题】
　　作为该教材的学习辅导书，全书完全遵循该教材的章目编排，共分10章，每章由两部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分是课后习题详解，提供了教材中每章习题的详细答案。本书具有以下几个方面的特点：
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　　3．解析课后习题，提供详尽答案。本书对王佐良主编的《欧洲文化入门》每章的课后思考题均进行了详细的分析和解答，并对相关重要知识点进行了延伸和归纳。
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内容预览
第1章　希腊罗马文化
1.1　复习笔记
I. The historicalbackground
II. Political Structure and Social Life
III. Homer
IV. Lyric Poetry
IV. Lyric Poetry
V. Drama
VI. History
1.Herodotus
2.Thucydides
VII. Philosophy andScience
1.Pythagoras
2.Heracleitus
3.Democritus
4.Socrates
5.Plato
6.Aristotle
7.Contending Schools of Thought
8.Science
VIII. Art, Architecture,Sculpture and Pottery
1.Art
2.Architecture
3.Sculpture
4.Pottery
IX. The impact of GreekLiterature

I. The historical  background  (1)A war was fought between Greece and Troy, ending in the destruction  of Troy  (2)Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century  B. C. They defeat the invasion of Persia and it result in the establishment of  democracy and the flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical  writing in Athens. The century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.  (3)In the second half of the 4th century B.C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, King of Macedon  (4)In 146 B.C. the Romans conquered Greece.  II. Political Structure and Social Life  Athens was a democracy. While women, children, foreigners and slaves were  excluded from it. They had no rights. The Greeks loved sports. Once every four  years, they had a big festival on Olympus Mount which included contests of sports.  Thus began the Olympic Games. Revived in 1896, the Games have become the world’s  foremost amateur sports competition.   III. Homer  ★ancient Greeks considered Homer  to be the author of their epics. His two epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey,  have survived.  ★the Iliad deals with the alliance  of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war  against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles  and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles  and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks.    ★the Odyssey deals with the return  of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many  adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited  with his faithful wife Penelope.    IV. Lyric Poetry  Homer’s epics were  not the only form of poetry the Greeks had written. There were other forms, such  as lyrics. Of the many lyric poets of the time, two are still admired by readers  today: Sappho and Pindar.  V. Drama  Early in their  remote past, the Greeks started to perform plays including comedy at religious  festivals. Out of these origins a powerful drama developed in the 5th century  B. C.  Three important  drama writers:   a. Aeschylus (525—456  B.C.)  b. Sophocles  (496—406 B.C.)  c. Euripides  (484—406 B.C.)  VI. History  1. Herodotus (484—430 B.C.)  He is often called  “Father of History”, wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians  2. Thucydides (about 460—404 B.C.)  Younger than Herodotus,  he is more accurate as an historian. He told about the war between Athens and    Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the island of Sicily. Macaulay, himself an eminent historian, called Thucydides “the greatest historian  that ever lived.”  VII. Philosophy and Science  1. Pythagoras (about 580—500 B.C.)  Founder of scientific  mathematics. To him and his school we owe the abstract conceptions underlying  mathematics— point, line, magnitude, surface, body—and the first theory of proportion.  2. Heracleitus (about 540—480 B. C.)  To him, “all is  flux, nothing is stationary.”  3. Democritus (about 460—370 B.C.)   Speculated about  the atomic structure of matter. Indeed, he was one of the earliest exponents of  the atomic theory  4. Socrates  Dialectical method  5. Plato   His Dialogues are  important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature.  Of the Dialogues he wrote, 27 have survived, including: The Apology (Socrates’  defence of himself at the trial), Symposium (dealing with beauty and love),  and the Republic (about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring  poets).  Plato’s philosophy  is called Idealism.  6. Aristotle  He wrote epoch-malting  works, which dominated European thought for more than a thousand years  7. Contending Schools of Thought  Later on, in the  4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other.  They were the Cynics, the Sceptics, the Epicureans and the Stoics.    8. Science  ★Eclid  is even now well-known for his Elements, a textbook of geometry, perhaps the most  successful textbook ever written, because it was in use in English schools until  the early years of the20th century.  ★Archimedes (287—212 B. C.) did  important work not only in geometry, but also in arithmetic, mechanics, and hydrostatics.  ★He discovered that when a body  is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced.  VIII. Art, Architecture, Sculpture and Pottery  1. Art  Greek art is a  visual proof of Greek civilization.  2. Architecture  Greek architecture  can be grouped into three styles: the Doric style which is also called the masculine  style; the Ionic style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style  that is called the Corinthian style.  3. Sculpture  i. Discus Thrower  ii. Venus de Milo  iii. Laocoon group  about 125 B.C.  4. Pottery  There were Black-figure  paintings (700—600 B. C.) and Redfigure paintings (—50 B. C.).  The Black-figure  paintings are paintings on pottery that have red background and black figure.  The Red-figure paintings are paintings on pottery that have black background and  pink figure.  IX. The impact of Greek Literature   The rediscovery  of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.   1. spirit of innovation   2. supreme achievement in nearly all fields  of human endeavor   3. lasting effect of its philosophical ideas  and literary images

I．历史背景  （1）希腊和特洛伊之间爆发了战争，战争以特洛伊的失败而告终。  （2）希腊文化达到了历史发展的最高点。击退波斯的入侵后，雅典建立了民主政治。雅典和斯巴达之间的战争结束了这一辉煌时期。  （3）公元前4四世纪下半期，马其顿王国的亚历山大帝统治了希腊。  （4）公元前146年，罗马统治了希腊。      II．政治结构和社会生活  雅典是一个民主国家，然而只有国家的男性公民才享有民主，妇女、孩子、外国人以及奴隶是没有的。雅典人热爱运动，每隔四年，他们都会在奥林匹斯山上举行运动活动。      III．诗人荷马  ★希腊人把荷马当作是他们的 史诗诗人。他的两部史诗作品，“伊利亚特”和“奥德赛”留存了下来。  ★“伊利亚特”讲述的是由阿伽门农领导的希腊南部城邦联盟对抗特洛伊的事。故事中的英雄分别是特洛伊的黑客多和希腊的阿喀琉斯和奥德修斯。在最后的战斗中，赫克多被阿喀琉斯和特洛伊杀死了，特洛伊被洗劫一空并被烧掉。  ★“奥德赛”讲述了特洛伊战争后奥德赛回家乡伊萨卡岛的事。它描述了在漫长的海上航行中奥德赛所遇到的一些冒险，以及他最后是如何与他那忠贞的妻子佩内洛普团聚的事情。  IV．抒情诗  古希腊人除了写史诗，还写抒情诗。这个时期的重要抒情诗人包括Sappho and Pindar.    V．戏剧  早在遥远的过去，希腊人就开始在宗教节日时演戏，包括喜剧。以此为由，公元前5五世纪出现了一种重要的戏剧。三位重要的戏剧作家：  a. Aeschylus (525—456 B.C.)  b. Sophocles (496—406 B.C.)  c. Euripides (484—406 B.C.)  VI．历史作品  1．赫罗多斯  他被称为“历史之父”，写的主要是希腊和波斯之间的战争  2．修斯底德  他被著名的历史学家Macaulay称为最伟大的历史学家。        VII．哲学和科学  1．毕达哥拉斯  数学学科的奠基人。他和他的学派创立了基础数学的抽象概念——点，线，面，体积，和比例的第一原理。    2．赫拉克利特  把物质的一切起源归于火  3．德谟克利特  推测事物的原子结构，他是原子理论的最早倡导者。  4．苏格拉底  辩证法  5．柏拉图  柏拉图的对话最为出名。有名的对话包括:《道歉》，《研讨会》和《共和国》。  柏拉图的哲学被称为理想主义.        6．亚里士多德      7．百家争鸣  后来，在公元前四世纪，西方哲学四派经常互相争论。这四派分别是犬儒主义学派，疑论学派，伊壁鸠鲁学派、斯多亚学派。  8．科学  ★欧几里得因为他的几何教科书《元素》而出名。      ★阿基米德（公元前287-212）的贡献不仅在几何方面，而且在数学，力学，和流体静力学方面都有成就。      VIII．艺术，建筑，雕塑和陶器  1．艺术  希腊艺术是其文明的见证  2．建筑  古希腊建筑可以划分为三种风格：多里克风格，也被称为男性风格；二为爱奥尼亚风格，也被称为女性风格；科林斯式风格。  3．雕塑  铁饼  米洛的维纳斯  公元前125年的群像  4．陶器  黑色的人物画（700-600B.C.）和红色的人物画（公元前50年）。  黑人物画是指画在陶瓷上的有红色的背景和黑色的人的画。红色的人物画是指有黑色的背景和粉红色的人物的图画。  IX．希腊文化的影响  1．创新精神  2．各个方面的成就  3．哲学思想和文学形象的持久影响

1.2　课后习题详解
Greek Culture
Questions for Revision:
1. What are the majorelements in European culture?
Key: There are two main elements—theGreco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.
2. What were the mainfeatures of ancient Greek society?
Key: In Greek society, only adultmale citizen had real power and the citizenship was a set of rights which a maninherited from his father. The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount ofslave labor. Slaves worked for their masters. The exploitation was a serioussocial problem. The Greeks loved sports. They often took part in the contestsof sports in Olympus Mount, thus Olympic Games came into being.
3. What did Homer do?Why is he important in the history of European literature?
Key: He depicted the great Greek menwho lived in the period 1200-1100B.C. and wars happening at that time. As anauthor of epics, he employed fine literary language to describe wars and men,even though they were dull. He stood in the peek of Greek literature andexerted a great influence on his followers.
4. Who were theoutstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays did each of themwrite?
Key: Aeschylus, Sophocles andEuripides were three outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece.
Aeschylus: Prometheus Bound, Persians, Agamemnon.
Sophocles: Oedipus the King, Electra, Antigone.
Euripides: Andromache, Medea, Trojan Women.
5. Were there historiansthen? Who were they? What did each of them write about?
Key: Yes, there are. They wereHerodotus and Thucydides. Herodotus wrote about the wars between Greeks andPersians. Thucydides wrote about the war between Athens and Sparta and betweenAthens and Syracuse.
6. Would you say thatphilosophy was highly developed then? Who were the major philosophers?
Key: No, I wouldn’t. Because thosephilosophical ideas were only idealism or simple materialism or metaphysics.Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the major philosophers at that time.
7. Did Socrates writeany book? How then do we know about him? What distinguished his philosophy?
Key: No, he didn’t. We know Socrateschiefly through what Plato recorded of him in the famous Dialogues written byPlato. He considered that philosophy rested with the dissect of oneself andvirtue was high worth of life. His method of argument, by questions andanswers, was known as the dialectical method.
8. Tell some of Plato’sideas. Why do people call him an idealist?
Key: (1) Men have knowledge becauseof the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth, and goodness.
(2) We should not look at the things which are not seen: for thethings which are not seen eternal. Because he emphasized the importance of“ideas” and believed that “thought” had created the world, people call him anidealist.
9. In what important ways was Aristotle differentfrom Plato? What are some of Aristotle’s works that are still influentialtoday?
Key: (1) Aristotle emphasized directobservation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This isdifferent from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.
(2) He thought that “idea” and matter together made concreteindividual realities in which he differed from Plato who held that ideas hadhigher reality than the political world. His significant works includes:Ethics, Politics and Rhetoric.
10. Who were some of the other philosophersactive in that period? Does the word “Epicurean” in its modern sense convey thetrue meaning of the philosophy of the ancient　 Epicureans? What weretheir views on pleasure?
Key: (1) They were Heracleitue,Democritus, Diogenes, Pyrrhon, Epicurus and Zeno.
(2) No, it doesn’t. The ancient Epicureans believed pleasure to bethe highest worth of life, but by pleasure they meant, not sensual enjoymentbut that attained by the practice of virtue. But this idea was misled by modernpeople, in their sense, the word “Epicurean” has come to mean indulgence inluxurious living.
11. Say something about Greek sculpture, potteryand architecture. What was the most famous Greek temple? Is it still there?
Key: (1) Along with the formation ofGreek civilization, Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture got many greatachievements. Greeks put into works of art the things they admired and worshiped,the scientific rules they discovered. Greek art evolved from the archaic periodto the classical period which marked its maturity.
(2) The most famous temple was the Acropolis at Athens.
(3) Yes, it is still there.
12. Give some examplesto show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature.
Key: (1) A Freudian term “OedipusComplex” of 19th century originating from a Greek tragedy in which king Oedipusunknowingly killed his father and married his mother.
(2) In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works whichhave themselves become classics: Byron’s Isle of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.
(3) In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the IrishmanJames Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.
Roman Culture
1. What did the Romanshave in common with the Greeks? And what was the chief difference between them?
Key: (1) The Romans had a lot incommon with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of thecitizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their religions werealike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified—Greek Zeus withRoman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on—and their myths tobe fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related,both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches fromBangladesh to Iceland.
(2) There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire.The Greeks didn’t, excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests,which soon disintegrated.
2.Explain Pax Romana.
Key: In the year 27 B.C., Octaviustook supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later,the Roman empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. Theemperors mainly relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions and aninfluential bureaucracy to exert their rules. Thus the Romans enjoyed a longperiod of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history isknown as Pax Romana.

3. What contribution didthe Romans make to the rule of law?
Key: In Roman’s earliest stage, onlya number of patricians knew the customary legal procedure when the rules wereput into writing in the middle of the third century B.C. It marked a victoryfor the plebeians. There was further development of law under the emperorsuntil it was codified, eventually to become the core of modern civil and commerciallaw in many Western countries.
4. Who were the important prose writers inancient Rome? What does “Ciceronian” mean? Did Cicero write that kind ofrhetorical prose all the time?
Key: (1) Marcus Tullius Cicero andJulius Caesar were two important prose writers.
(2) Ciceronian means  Cicero’s eloquent oratorical manner of writing, Which has had an enormousinfluence on the development of European prose.
(3) No, he didn’t. Because Cicero appears as a different man with adifferent style, far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate.
5. Give an example ofthe terse style of Julius Caesar’s prose.
Key: An example: I came, I saw, Iconquered (models of succinct Latin).
6. Who was Lucretius?What did he do?
Key: (1) Lucretius was a poet ofancient Rome.
(2) He wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Thing toexpound the ideas of Epicurus the Greek atomist.
7. What is the book for which Virgil has beenfamous throughout the centuries? In what ways in the book linked with the Greekpast?
Key: (1) The book was Aeneid.
(2) The story wasabout Aeneas, one of the princes of Troy, who escaped from that burning citywhen it fell to the Greeks, to carry on the Trojan cause in a new place, Rome. He didn’t go alone, but carrying his father on his shoulders and leading his littleson by the hand, a family group of three generations moved together. Thus inthis way the book is linked with the Greek past.
8. Why do we say Aeneasis a truly tragic hero?
Key: Because Aeneas had to betraythe great passion of his life, his love for Dido, queen of Carthage, so that hecould fulfill his historic mission.
9. What is the chiefRoman achievement in architecture? Give some examples.
Key: (1) The Romans were greatengineers. They covered their world from one end to the other with roads,bridges, aqueducts, theatres and arenas.
(2) Some examples:
A. The Pantheon: the greatest the best preserved Roman temple builtin 27B.C.
B. Pont du Gard: it is an exceptionallywell-preserved aqueduct that spans a wide valley in southern France.
10. Why are thewall-paintings of the ancient Romans still significant to us today?
Key: Roman painting was stronglyinfluenced by the art of Greece. And it also had pecularities of its own.Unfortunately much of the painting no longer exists. There are, however, somewall-paintings from Pompeii and other towns near Naples. These wall-paintingsinclude still lives, landscape paintings and figure paintings. Among them wereLady Musician and Young Girl, the Maiden Gathering Flowers and the Landscape.

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