2017年全国职称英语等级考试（综合类A级）历年真题及模拟试题详解

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目录                                                                                        封面
内容简介
视频教师简介
目录
第一部分　历年真题及详解
　2016年全国职称英语等级考试（综合类A级）真题及详解
　2015年全国职称英语等级考试（综合类A级）真题及详解
　2014年全国职称英语等级考试（综合类A级）真题及详解
　2013年全国职称英语等级考试（综合类A级）真题及详解
　2012年全国职称英语等级考试（综合类A级）真题及详解
　2011年全国职称英语等级考试（综合类A级）真题及详解
　2010年全国职称英语等级考试（综合类A级）真题及详解
　2009年全国职称英语等级考试（综合类A级）真题及详解
　2008年全国职称英语等级考试（综合类A级）真题及详解
　2007年全国职称英语等级考试（综合类A级）真题及详解
　2006年全国职称英语等级考试（综合类A级）真题及详解
　2005年全国职称英语等级考试（综合类A级）真题及详解
第二部分　模拟试题及详解
　全国职称英语等级考试（综合类A级）模拟试题及详解（一）
　全国职称英语等级考试（综合类A级）模拟试题及详解（二）
　全国职称英语等级考试（综合类A级）模拟试题及详解（三）
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内容预览
第一部分　历年真题及详解
2016年全国职称英语等级考试（综合类A级）真题及详解
第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题l分，共15分)
下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1.Only people over 18 are eligible to vote.
A. honest
B. qualified
C. enabled
D. clever
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：只有超过18岁的人有资格投票。eligible合适的；在（法律上或道德上）合格的。qualified有资格的，胜任的，适当的。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选B项。honest诚实的。enabled激活的；可行的。clever聪明的。
2. The latest car model embodies the new researchdevelopment.
A. lists
B. includes
C. borrows
D. broadens
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：最新的汽车模型代表了最新的研究进展。embody使具体化；包含；代表，体现。include包括；包含。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选B项。list列出，列入。borrow借。broaden扩大，扩展。
3. The coastal area has very mild winter, but the centralplains remain extremely cold
A. severe
B. hard
C. warm
D. dry
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：沿海地区冬天气温温暖，但是中部平原地区却极度寒冷。mild温暖的；温柔的。warm温暖的。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选C项。severe严峻的，严厉的。hard困难的，硬的。dry干的。
4. She is an artist whose work will undoubtedly withstand thetest of time.
A. grade　
B. attract
C.bear
D. suffer
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：她是一位艺术家，其作品无疑将经受住时间的考验。withstand经受，承受，禁得起。bear承担；忍受。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选C项。grade评分；安排；依序排列。attract吸引。suffer遭受。
5. He wore a shabby thin overcoat in the cold winter so thathe fell ill.
A. old　
B. big
C.new
D. small
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：寒冷的冬天他只穿了一件薄薄的旧外套，以致于他生病了。shabby卑鄙的; 破旧的，衣衫褴褛的。old旧的；古老的。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选A项。
6.The weather was so gorgeous that many people went outing.
A. uncontrollable
B. pleasant
C.cloudy
D. unbearable
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：天气真好，许多人都外出游玩。gorgeous华丽的；极好的，称心的；令人愉快的，令人享受的。pleasant令人愉快的；有趣的；晴朗的。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选B项。uncontrollable不可控；无法控制的。cloudy多云的；阴天的。unbearable难以忍受的；承受不住的。
7.Competitors must abide by the judge’s decision.
A. keep
B. read
C.understand
D. obey
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：竞争者必须遵守裁判的决定。abide by遵守；信守；接受。obey遵守，遵循；服从。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选D项。
8. The umbrella was ingeniously devised to fold up into thepocket.
A. seriously
B. cleverly
C.attentively
D. carefully
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：这把伞设计精巧，可以叠起来放进口袋里。ingeniously有才能地；制作精巧地，巧妙地。cleverly巧妙地；聪明地；灵巧地。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选B项。seriously严重地；认真地；严肃地。attentively注意地；聚精会神地；周到地。carefully小心地。
9.Some newspapers in the west are notably biased
A. especially
B. wholly
C.totally　
D. fairly
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：西方一些报纸特别有偏见。notably显著地；尤其。especially特别；尤其。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选A项。wholly完全地；全部。totally完全地。fairly相当地；公平地。
10.His answers were obscure and confusing.
A. unclear　
B. obvious
C.clear
D. direct
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：他的回答模糊令人不解。obscure朦胧的；晦涩的，不清楚的。unclear不清楚的；不易了解的。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选A项。obvious明显的。clear清楚的。direct直接的。
11.The way she looked after her young sister was really touching
A. disturbing　
B. connecting
C.moving
D. waving
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：她照顾她妹妹的方式真的很感人。touching动人的，令人同情的。moving动人的；活动的。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选C项。disturbing令人不安的；烦扰的。connecting连接的。waving波浪状的。
12. We are worried about this fluid situation filled withuncertainty.
A. stable
B. suitable
C.changeable
D. adaptable
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：对于这个充满不确定的不稳定的情况，我们感到担忧。fluid易变的，不固定的；流动的。changeable易变的；可变的。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选C项。stable稳定的。suitable合适的，适当的。adaptable可适应的；有适应能力的。
13.They have built canals to irrigate the desert.
A. decorate　
B. change
C.visit
D. water
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：他们必须修建沟渠灌溉沙漠。irrigate灌溉。water给……浇水。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选D项。decorate装饰。change改变。visit访问；参观。
14.The details of the costume were totally authentic
A. outstanding
B. real
C.creative
D. false
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：这件古装的每个小地方都完全真实。authentic真的，真正的。real真的；真实的。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选B项。outstanding杰出的；显著的。creative创造性的，有创造力的。false虚伪的；非法的；假造的。
15.The new garment fits her perfectly.
A. clothes
B. haircut
C.purse　
D. necklace
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：新衣服很合适她。garment衣服，服装。clothes衣服，衣物。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选A项。haircut理发；发型；发式。purse钱包。necklace项链。
第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题l分，共7分)
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断；如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
Income Tax
For many youngAmericans, graduating from college means finding a job, moving out of the dormroom and beginning to register one’s annual earnings with the US government.
That last itemis the law, though sometimes it’s a hassle (难事) to obey.
Independent taxadvisor Bob Gilbert calls the US income tax system “amazingly complicated”. Buthe adds that “very little of the complicated tax law applies to young peoplewho are just beginning their careers”. According to Gilbert, 80 to 90 percentof Americans are not really burdened by the system’s complications.
Still, all thenumbers and forms can be a little confusing to those who are just startingtheir careers. Some pull out their calculators and try to do the math alone.Some use income tax software. Others just hand the whole responsibility over totax firms like Gilbert’s. According to income tax law expert Linda Beale, youngpeople will often follow their parents’ lead when filling their income forms.
“Young peoplewho grow up in wealthy households typically use professional tax servicesbecause their parents have always done so,” said Beale, a professor at Wayne State University in Michigan State.
“On the otherhand, most poorer young people probably try to do their own taxes, unless theywant a quick ‘refund’ with the help of a tax advisor”.
In fact, obeyingthe law has its benefits. For one, many young people can expect a tax refund.This means that, over the course of the year, they have paid too much inmonthly federal or state taxes and are entitled to the difference.
Bob Thalman, a20-year-old university student, expects he will get a refund of about 100, whichwill probably go in the bank, or perhaps be used to pay for car insurance orcredit card bills.
Thalman calledthe whole process a “hassle”, but added that he didn’t want to test the law bynot filling his income tax papers.
“I’m worriedabout what would happen if I failed to file,” he said. “I know one individualwho did not report his income tax for many years, and he’s now in federalprison. I certainly don’t want that.”
16. A college student with a part-time jobis not required to file an income tax form.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Notmentioned
17. The US income tax system does not wholly apply to a collegegraduate who is just beginning his or her career.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Notmentioned
18. It’s prettyeasy for a beginner to report his or her income tax.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Notmentioned
19. When young people file their income tax form, they will oftenfollow in their parents’ footsteps.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Notmentioned
20. Young people from poorer families needn’tfile their income tax forms.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Notmentioned
21. If one has failed to report his or her income tax for quite afew years, he or she may be put in prison.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Notmentioned
22.The US income tax system will be simplified in the next few years.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
【答案与解析】
16.C 点睛全文提到了刚刚毕业开始工作的大学生的情况，但是并没有提及做兼职的大学生是否应该报税，因此本题选C项。
17.A 定位根据关键词apply to和just beginning his or her career定位到第三段第二句。
点睛根据第三段第二句可知，能运用到刚开始事业的年轻人身上的复杂税法非常少，因此本题选A项。
18.B 点睛文章一直在强调美国所得税法的复杂性，并且根据第四段第一句可知，对于刚开始工作的年轻人，报税仍然令人困惑，由此可知本题题干表述错误，因此选B项。
19.A 定位根据关键词follow in their parents’ footsteps定位第四段最后一句和第五段。
点睛根据第四段最后一句“young people will often follow theirparents’ lead when filling their income forms”可知，年轻人在填税务表时往往会追随他们的父母，因此本题选A项。
20.B 定位根据young people from poorerfamilies定位到第六段。
点睛第六段明确说道“大多数贫困的年轻人可能会尝试自己完成税收”，由此可知题干表述错误，因此本题选B项。
21.A 定位根据failedto report his or her income tax及put in prison定位到最后一段。
点睛最后一段最后一句提到，有一个人由于多年没有报所得税，现在已经在联邦监狱里，由此可知，题干表述正确，因此选A项。
22.C 点睛全文只提到了美国税法系统的复杂性，并没有提到将来会怎么发展，因此本题选C项。
【全文翻译】
所得税
对于许多美国年轻人来说，从大学毕业就意味着找到一份工作，搬出了宿舍，开始向美国政府注册一年的收入。
前面所说的最后一项就是法律，虽然有时难以遵循。
独立税务顾问Bob Gilbert称美国所得税制度“非常复杂”。但他补充说，“能运用到刚开始事业的年轻人身上的复杂税法非常少”。根据Gilbert，80%—90%的美国人并不会真正被税法系统的复杂性所困扰。
然而，对于那些刚刚开始职业生涯的人来说，所有的数字和表格有点让人感到困惑。有一些人拿出他们的计算器，试着自己做数学计算。有一些人使用所得税软件。其他人则把全部责任交给像Gilbert所在的这样的税务师事务所。根据所得税法专家Linda Beale，年轻人在填税务表时往往会效仿他们的父母。
“成长在富裕家庭的年轻人通常使用专业的税务服务，因为他们的父母总是这样，”密歇根州的韦恩州立大学教授Beale说道。
“另一方面，大多数贫困的年轻人可能会尝试自己完成税收，除非他们想在税务顾问的帮助下进行快速地退税”。
事实上，服从法律有其好处。其一，许多年轻人可以期待退税。这意味着，在整个这一年，他们每月已经支付过多的联邦税或者州税，所以有权拿回多缴纳的税款。
Bob Thalman，一个20岁的大学生，预计他将得到约100的退税，他可能会将其存到银行，或者被用来支付汽车保险或信用卡账单。Thalman把整个过程称作一项“难事”，但补充说，他不想以身试法不去填所得税相关表格文件。
“我很担心如果我没有提交的话会发生什么事，” 他说。“我认识一个人，他由于多年没有报所得税，现在已经在联邦监狱里了。我当然不想那样。”
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23～30题，每题l分，共8分)
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2~5段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
Tunguska Event
1. A hundredyears ago this week, a gigantic explosion ripped (撕裂) open the day above a forestin western Siberia, leaving a scientific riddle that endures to this day.
2. A dazzlinglight pierced the heavens, followed by a shock wave as strong as 1,000 atomicbombs. The explosion flattened 80 million trees across an area of 2,000 squarekilometers. The fireball was so great that, a day later, Londoners could readtheir newspapers under the night sky. What caused the so-called Tunguska Event,named after the nearby Podkamennaya Tunguska river, still remains a mystery.
3. Expertssuspect it was a rock that, after traveling in space for millions of years, wasdestined to crash to Earth at exactly 7:17 a.m. on June 30, 1908. Thispossibility worries scientists. “Imagine an unspotted asteroid (小行星) hitting a significant chunk(块) of land... andimagine if that area, unlike Tunguska, were populated,” the British sciencejournal Nature commented recently.
4. But nofragments of the “rock” have ever been found. Finding such evidence would beimportant, for it would increase our knowledge about the risk posed bydangerous Near Earth Objects (NEOs), say Italian researchers Luca Gasperini,Enrico Bonatti and Giuseppe Longo. When the next Tunguska NEO approaches,scientists will have to decide whether to try to deflect (使偏转) it or blow it up in space.

A. Competing Explanations  B. Unknown Attacks  C. Mysterious Explosion  D. Star War  E. Importance of Finding Evidence  F. Explanation that Worries Scientists

5. However,several rival theories for the Tunguska Event exist. Wolfgang Kundt, aprofessor at Germany’s Bonn University, believes the Tunguska Event was causedby a massive escape of 10 million tons of methane (甲烷)-rich gas from deep withinearth’s crust. Some people hold that the explosion was caused by an alienspaceship crash, or a black hole in the universe.
23.Paragraph 2 _____
24.Paragraph 3 _____
25.Paragraph 4 _____
26.Paragraph 5 _____
27. The gigantic explosion that occurred ahundred years ago _____.
28. The shock wave which followed thedazzling light _____.
29. The hypothesis that the explosion wascaused by a rock colliding with the Earth _____.
30. Wolfgang Kundt, who has developed analternative theory _____.

A. has remained a puzzle  B. lacks sufficient evidence  C. is a university professor  D. was generated by the explosion  E. will kill many animals  F. are attacked by aliens

【答案与解析】
23.C 第二段主要描述了这次爆炸的威力和剧烈程度，并且在最后指出爆炸目前仍然是一个谜团。C项“神秘的爆炸”符合本段主要内容，因此选C项。
24.F 第三段首先提到科学家推测的碰撞理论，接着提到“This possibility worries scientists”，并具体介绍了科学家所担忧的事情，由此可知，F项“使科学家担忧的解释”符合本段大意，因此选F项。
25.E 第四段第二句就提到了“Finding such evidence would be important”，并给出了具体的理由，由此可知，E项“找到证据的重要性”符合本段主要内容，因此本题选E项。
26.A 第五段第一句为主题句，其中提到“关于通古斯大爆炸，还存在着其他竞争的理论。”由此可知，A项“其他竞争的解释”符合本段内容，因此选A项。
27.A 点睛根据第一段“A hundred years ago this week, a gigantic explosion…leaving ascientific riddle that endures to this day”可知，爆炸至今仍然是一个谜团，因此本题选A项。
28.D 定位根据关键词shock wave和dazzling light定位到第二段。
点睛第二段是对第一段提到的巨大爆炸的描述，由此可知，耀眼的光和冲击波是由于爆炸产生的。本题选D项。
29.B 定位根据关键词hypothesis和caused by a rock定位到第三段和第四段。
点睛根据第四段第一句可知，关于太空岩石碰撞地球的理论，目前还没有找到证据，因此本题选B项。
30.C 定位根据关键词Wolfgang Kundt定位到第五段第二句。
点睛根据第五段第二句“Wolfgang Kundt, a professor at Germany’sBonn University”可知，本题选C项。
【全文翻译】
通古斯大爆炸
1．一百年前的这个星期，一个巨大的爆炸撕裂了西伯利亚西部森林上面的天空，留下一个科学之谜，延续至今。
2．耀眼的光刺穿诸天，接着是一个冲击波，像1000颗原子弹一样强烈。爆炸使得2000平方公里8000万棵树木夷为平地。火球如此之大，甚至一天后，伦敦人仍然在像夜晚一样的天空下阅读当天的报纸。是什么导致了所谓的“通古斯大爆炸”仍然是个谜。“通古斯大爆炸”得名于附近的通古斯河。
3．专家怀疑这是一块在太空旅行了数百万年之后注定要碰撞到地球的岩石，落入地球的确切时间是1908年6月30日上午7:17。这种可能性使科学家们担心。英国科学杂志《自然》最近评论到，“想象一个没有察觉的小行星碰撞到一块巨大的陆地……想象一下，假如被碰撞的地区不像通古斯一样，而是人口密集。”
4．但是没有找到“岩石”的碎片。意大利研究人员Luca Gasperini、Enrico Bonatti和Giuseppe Longo说，找到这样的证据很重要，因为它会增加我们对危险的近地天体（NEOs）所带来的风险的知识。当下一个通古斯近地天体向地球靠近，科学家们将不得不决定是否试图使近地天体偏转，还是让它在太空爆炸。
5．然而，关于通古斯大爆炸，还存在着其他竞争的理论。德国的波恩大学教授Wolfgang Kundt认为，通古斯大爆炸是由从地壳深处大量逃逸的1000万吨富含甲烷的气体造成的。有些人则认为，爆炸源于一架外星飞船的坠毁，或者是因为宇宙中的黑洞。
第4部分：阅读理解(第31～45题，每题3分，共45分)
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇　Sports Star Yao Ming
If Yao Ming isnot the biggest sports star in the world, he is almost certainly the tallest.At 2.26 m, he is the tallest player in the National Association (NBA) and holdsthe record as the most towering Olympian everto compete in the Games.
But what reallystands out about the giant center is his celebrity (名气). Few, if any, Chineseathletes are as well-known as Yao around the world. People across the globe arefascinated with Yao, not only for his basketball prowess (杰出的才能) but also for being asymbol of international commerce.
When Yao joined the Houston Rockets as the No. 1 pick in the 2002 NBA draft (选拔), he was the firstinternational player ever to be selected first. His assets on the court areclear enough —noNBA player of his size has ever possessed his mobility, so he is a handful (难对付的人) for opponents on eitherend of the court. But what makes Yao invaluable to the Rockets organization ishis role as a global citizen and as a bridge to millions of potentialbasketball fans in China.
When it wasannounced in February that Yao would miss the rest of the NBA season andpossibly the Olympics with a stress fracture (骨折) in his left foot, a collective shudder (震动) spread across China. Afterconsiderable debate and discussion, Yao opted to get his foot surgicallytreated in an operation that placed several tiny screws across the bone, tooffer his overburdened foot more support. The surgery was a success, and thoughthe estimated four-month recovery period will leave him little time to preparewith Team China, Yao has vowed to be ready for the Beijing Olympics.
Yao wrapped up a 10-day trip to China, where he underwent a series oftraditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatments, hoping to accelerate hisrecovery process. Western experts are generally skeptical of TCM’s benefits,although new research from the university of Rochester suggests that a certain compoundderived from shellfish may speed stimulate bone repair.
“There is no reason to dismiss TCM,” Yao told a press conference in Beijing. “It’s been used in our country for thousands of years. I don’t think that it’sshort on science.”
31.The word “towering” in Paragraph 1 means____.
A. large
B. fat
C. tall
D. great
32. Opponents find it very difficult to control Yao Ming because ofhis____.
A. mobility
B. assault
C. defense
D. celebrity
33.Yao Ming had to undergo a series of TCM treatments because____.
A. his right foot had been hurting
B. he wanted to make a more rapid recovery
C. the surgical operation had been a failure
D. he couldn't afford all the medical expenses
34.Which statement about Yao Ming is NOT true?
A. He missed the Athens Olympics.
B. He is an NBA player.
C. He fractured his left foot.
D. He is an international figure.
35.In general, the Western experts’ attitude towards TCM is____.
A. indifferent
B. positive
C. negative
D. doubtful
【答案与解析】

31. The word “towering” in Paragraph 1 means _____.	31. 第一段中“towering”一词的意思是____。
A. large  B. fat  C. tall  D. great	A. 大的  B. 胖的  C. 高的  D. 伟大的

31.C 点睛文章第一段第一句提到了姚明是最高的。因此第二句中“towering”应该继续指姚明在身高方面的记录，因此本题选C项。towering耸立的；高大的。

32. Opponents find it very difficult to  control Yao Ming because of his _____.	32. 对手发现很难控制姚明，因为他的____。
A. mobility   B. assault  C. defense  D. celebrity	A. 移动性  B. 攻击  C. 防御  D. 名气

32.A 定位根据关键词opponents和difficult to control定位到第三段第二句。
点睛根据第三段第二句中的“no NBA player of his size has everpossessed his mobility”，可知，由于姚明身材高大且移动迅速，他很难对付。因此本题选A项。
避错文章第二段提到了姚明的名气，但是这并不是他很难对付的原因，因此D项不符合题意。B项和C项文中没有提及，因此排除。

33. Yao Ming had to undergo a series of TCM treatments because  _____.	33. 姚明必须经受一系列的中医药治疗，因为____。
A. his right foot had been hurting  B. he wanted to make a more rapid  recovery  C. the surgical operation had been a  failure  D. he couldn't afford all the medical expenses	A. 他的右脚已经受伤  B. 他想更快地恢复  C. 手术失败  D. 他不能支付医药费

33.B 定位根据关键词a series of TCM treatment定位到最后两段。
点睛根据倒数第二段第一句中的“hoping to accelerate his recoveryprocess”可知，姚明之所以接受中医药治疗是为了快速恢复，因此本题选B项。
避错文章第四段只提到了他的左脚受伤，并且提到了手术成功了，因此A项和C项明显错误。D项文中没有提及，因此排除。

34. Which statement about Yao Ming is NOT true?	34. 关于姚明，哪项表述不正确？
A. He missed the Athens Olympics.  B. He is an NBA player.  C. He fractured his left foot.  D. He is an international figure.	A. 他错过了雅典奥运会。  B. 他是一名NBA球员。  C. 他的左脚骨折。  D. 他是一名国际人物。

34.A 点睛文章第一段第二句就介绍了姚明是NBA中最高的一名球员，因此B项表述正确。根据文章第二段可知，姚明名气大，是国际商务的一个象征，因此D项与原文表述相符。文章第四段第一句提到了姚明左脚骨折，因此C项表述正确。第四段只提到姚明有可能错过奥运会，并且根据第四段最后一句可知，这里指的是北京奥运会，因此A项表述明显错误。因此本题选A项。

35. In general, the Western experts’ attitude towards TCM is  _____.	35. 总体上而言，西方专家对中医药的态度是____。
A. indifferent  B. positive  C. negative  D. doubtful	A. 冷漠的  B. 积极的  C. 消极的  D. 怀疑的

35.D 定位根据关键词western experts’ attitude和TCM定位到最后两段。
点睛根据倒数第二段最后一句可知，“Western experts are generallyskeptical of TCM’s benefits”，skeptical意思为“怀疑的”，因此本题选D项。
【全文翻译】
体育明星姚明
如果姚明不是世界上最大的体育明星，那他几乎肯定是最高的。身高2.26米，他是美国国家篮球协会（NBA）最高的球员，并且是参加奥林匹克比赛的选手中最高身高的记录保持者。
但是这位巨人真正突出的是他的名气。很少有中国运动员，如果有的话，和姚明一样在全世界有名。全球的人们都对姚明着迷，不仅是因为他的篮球技术杰出，也因为他是国际商务的一个象征。
当姚明在2002年NBA选秀中作为状元加入休斯敦火箭队时，他是第一个被选为状元的国际球员。他在场上的价值显而易见——没有NBA球员像他一样身材高大却移动迅速，所以整个篮球场上攻防两端他都是一个难以对付的对手。但是姚明对火箭队不可估量的作用在于他作为全球公民的角色，以及他成为一座桥梁，连接着数百万的潜在中国篮球迷。
在2月份，当宣布姚明由于左脚压力骨折而将错过NBA剩下的赛季，而且还有可能错过奥林匹克时，整个中国无不震惊。在大量的辩论和讨论后，姚明选择在脚上动一个手术，放置几个小螺丝穿过骨头，从而给他不堪重负的脚更多的支撑。手术是成功的，虽然预计的四个月的恢复期将给他留下不多的时间来与中国队准备比赛，但姚明已经誓言要为北京奥运会做好准备。
姚明结束了一个为期10天的中国之行，在那里他接受了一系列的中医药治疗，希望能加速他的康复过程。西方专家普遍对中药的益处表示怀疑，尽管罗切斯特大学的新研究表明，某些来自贝壳类的化合物确实能刺激骨修复。
“没有理由不用中医药，”姚明在北京的一个新闻发布会上说。“在我们国家中医药已经有几千年的历史了。我认为它并不缺乏科学。”
第二篇　Black Holes Trigger Stars to Self-Destruct
Scientists havelong understood that super massive black holes weighing millions or billions ofsuns can tear apart stars that come too close. The black hole's gravity pullsharder on the nearest part of the star, an imbalance that pulls the star apartover a period of minutes or hours, once it gets close enough.
Scientists saythis uneven pulling is not the only hazard facing the star. The strain of theseunbalanced forces can also trigger a nuclear explosion powerful enough todestroy the star from within. Matthieu Brassart and Jean-Pierre Luminet of theObservatoire de Paris in Meudon, France, carried out computer simulations ofthe final moments of such an unfortunate star's life, as it veered towards asuper massive black hole.
When the stargets close enough, the uneven forces flatten it into a pancake shape. Someprevious studies had suggested this flattening would increase the density andtemperature inside the star enough to trigger intense nuclear reactions thatwould tear it apart. But other studies had suggested that the picture would becomplicated by shock waves generated during the flattening process and that nonuclear explosion should occur.
The newsimulations investigated the effects of shock waves in detail, and found thateven when their effects are included, the conditions favor a nuclear explosion.“There will be an explosion of the star—it will be completely destroyed,” Brassart says. Although theexplosion obliterates the star, it saves some of the star's matter from beingdevoured by the black hole. The explosion is powerful enough to hurl much ofthe star's matter out of the black hole's reach, he says.
The devouring ofstars by black holes may already have been observed, although at a much laterstage. It is thought that several months after the event that rips the starapart, its matter starts swirling into the hole itself. It heats up as it doesso, releasing ultraviolet light and X-rays.
If starsdisrupted near black holes really do explode, then they could in principleallow these events to be detected at a much earlier stage, says Jules Halpernof Columbia University in New York, US. “It may make it possible to see the disruption of that star immediately if it gets hotenough,” he says.
Brassart agrees.“Perhaps it can be observed in the X-rays and gamma rays, but it’s somethingthat needs to be more studied,” he says. Supernova researcher Chris Fryer ofthe Los Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, US, says the deaths of these stars are difficult to simulate, and he is not sure whether theresearchers have proven their Case that they explode in the process.
36. Something destructive could happen to a star that gets too closeto a black hole. Which of the following destructive statements is NOT mentionedin the passage?
A. The black hole could tear apart the star.
B. The black hole could trigger a nuclear explosion in the star.
C. The black hole could dwindle its size considerably.
D. The black hole could devour the star.
37. According to the third paragraph, researchers differed from eachother in the problem of____.
A. whether nuclear reaction would occur
B. whether the stars would increase its density and temperature
C. whether shock waves would occur
D. whether the uneven forces would flatten the stars
38. According to the fourth paragraph, which of the following is NOTtrue?
A. No nuclear explosion would be triggered inside the star.
B. The star would be destroyed completely.
C. Much of the star’s matter thrown by the explosion would be beyondthe black hole’s reach.
D. The black hole would completely devour the star.
39.What will happen several months after the explosion of the star?
A. The star’s matter will move further away from by the black hole.
B. The black hole’s matter will heat up.
C. The torn star’s matter will swirl into the black hole.
D. The black hole’s matter will release ultraviolet light andX-rays.
40.According to the context, the word “disruption”in Paragraph 6 means____.
A. “Confusion”
B. “Tearingapart”
C. “Interruption”
D. “Flattening”

【答案与解析】

36. Something destructive could happen to a star that gets too  close to a black hole. Which of the following destructive statements is NOT  mentioned in the passage?	36. 当恒星离黑洞太近，可能会发生毁灭性的结果。下面哪项毁灭性的结果文中没有提及？
A. The black hole could tear apart the  star.  B. The black hole could trigger a nuclear explosion in the star.  C. The black hole could dwindle its size considerably.  D. The black hole could devour the star.	A. 黑洞把恒星撕裂。  B. 黑洞引发恒星内部的核爆炸。  C. 黑洞规模大量减小  D. 黑洞吞噬恒星

36.C 点睛根据第一段第一句“black holes…can tear apart stars that come too close”可知，A项文章中有提及，因此排除A项。同时，根据第二段第二句可知，有可能诱发恒星内部的核爆炸，因此B项也应该排除。另外，文章第五段第一句介绍了黑洞吞噬恒星的情况，因此D项排除。只有C项文中没有提及，因此选C项。

37. According to the third paragraph, researchers differed from  each other in the problem of____.	37. 根据第三段，研究人员在____问题上意见不同。
A. whether nuclear reactions would occur  B. whether the stars would increase its density and temperature  C. whether shock waves would occur  D. whether the uneven forces would flatten the stars	A. 核反应是否发生  B. 恒星的密度和温度是否增加  C. 冲击波是否发生  D. 不平衡的引力是否把恒信压平

37.A 点睛根据第三段最后一句可知，有研究表明由于冲击波的影响，“no nuclear explosion should occur”，由此可知，关于是否引发核爆炸，科学家之间存在分歧，因此选A项。
避错文章第三段第一、二句提到了恒星会被压扁，并且密度和质量增加，对此文章并没有提到其他相反的意见，因此排除B项和D项。第三段最后一句提到了冲击波，但是并没有怀疑冲击波是否存在，因此排除C项。

38. According to the fourth paragraph, which of the following is  NOT true?	38. 根据第四段，下面哪项不正确？
A. No nuclear explosion would be triggered inside the star.   B. The star would be destroyed  completely.  C. Much of the star’s matter thrown by the explosion would be  beyond the black hole’s reach.  D. The black hole would completely devour the star.	A. 恒星内部不会引发核爆炸。  B. 恒星将被完全毁坏。  C. 大量恒星的物质被爆炸扔出黑洞的范围。  D. 黑洞完全吞噬恒星。

38.D 点睛根据第四段倒数第二句可知，“尽管爆炸会毁灭恒星，但它保存了恒星的部分物质不被黑洞吞噬”，由此可知D项与原文不符合。
避错根据第四段第二句和最后一句可知，B项和C项符合原文表达。第四段第一句话通过电脑模拟认为会发生核爆炸，但是这只是模拟的结果推测，根据这一段并不能证明一定会发生核爆炸，因此A项不符合题意，排除。

39. What will happen several months after the explosion of the  star?	39. 恒星爆炸几个月后会发生什么？
A. The star’s matter will move further away from by the black  hole.   B. The black hole’s matter will heat up.  C. The torn star’s matter will swirl into the black hole.  D. The black hole’s matter will release ultraviolet light and  X-rays.	A. 恒星的物质由于黑洞进一步远离。  B. 黑洞物质升温。  C. 被撕裂的物质进入黑洞漩涡。  D. 黑洞物质释放紫外光和X射线。

39.C 定位根据关键词several months可定位到第五段。
点睛根据第五段第二句可知，恒星撕裂后的几个月里，恒星物质开始自己进入黑洞的漩涡，因此本题选C项。
避错A项明显与正确答案不一致，为错误选项。根据第五段最后一句可知，是恒星的物质升温，并且释放紫外光和X射线，B项和D项与原文表述不符，因此排除。

40. According to the context, the word “disruption”in Paragraph 6 means____.	40. 根据语境，第六段的“disruption”意思为____。
A. “Confusion”  B. “Tearing apart”  C. “Interruption”  D. “Flattening”	A. “迷惑”  B. “撕裂”  C. “打断”  D. “压平”

40.B 点睛根据语境，第五段讲到科学家可能已经观察到比较晚的阶段，即在撕裂后恒星被吞噬的情况，第六段接着讲科学家认为可以观测到更早期的阶段，即恒星被撕裂的过程，因此第六段中的disruption的意思应该为“撕裂”，因此本题选B项。
【全文翻译】
黑洞触发恒星自毁
科学家早就知道重达数百万或上十亿个太阳的特大质量的黑洞能撕裂靠近它的恒星。黑洞对距离其最近的恒星的部分引力最大，一旦恒星足够近，这种不平衡将在几分钟或几小时内将恒星撕裂。
科学家说道，这种不均衡的拉力并不是恒星面对的惟一的威胁。由于这种不平衡的力量还可能诱发恒星内部核爆炸而毁灭整个恒星。在法国莫顿的巴黎天文台工作的Matthieu Brassart 和Jean-Pierre用计算机模拟了当恒星靠近一特大质量的黑洞而不幸爆炸灭亡的最后的时刻。
当恒星靠近，黑洞引力将其变成薄饼形状。一些之前的研究表明，这样的压挤增加了恒星的密度及内部温度，当达到一定的程度，足以诱发剧烈的核反应从而将恒星撕裂。但其他一些研究表明，在压挤过程中产生的冲击波可能会使情况更复杂，核爆炸应该不会发生。
新的模拟实验详细地研究了冲击波带来的影响，发现即使考虑到这些影响，仍然会发生核爆炸。“恒星内部会发生爆炸，并将被完全摧毁，”Brassart说。尽管爆炸会毁灭恒星，但它保存了恒星的部分物质不被黑洞吞噬。因为爆炸足够强大，将恒星的大部分物质扔出太阳黑洞的范围。
　 太阳黑洞吞噬恒星可能已经有人观察到，尽管观察到的是比较晚的阶段。有人认为，恒星撕裂后的几个月里，恒星物质开始自己进入黑洞的漩涡。并且在进入黑洞时，它们不断升温，释放出紫外光和X射线。
美国纽约哥伦比亚大学的Jules Halpern说，如果靠近黑洞被撕裂的恒星真的爆炸，那么原则上讲，是可以在更早期的阶段观测到这些过程的。“当恒星温度达到一定程度，就很有可能立刻观测到恒星被撕裂的情况。”
Brassart对此表示同意。“或许可以通过X射线和γ射线进行观测，但这还需要进一步研究。”美国新墨西哥州洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室的超新星研究人员Chris Fryer说，很难模拟这些恒星的死亡过程，而且他也不确定研究者是否能证明他们自己的有关恒星爆炸的论述。
第三篇　Don’t Count on Dung
Conservationists(自然保护主义者) may be miscalculatingthe numbers of the threatened animals such as elephants, say African andAmerican researchers. The error occurs because of a flaw in the way theyestimate animal numbers from the piles of dung(粪) the creatures leave behind.
The mistakecould lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as therereally are in some regions, according to Andrew Plumptre of the WildlifeConservation Society (WCS) in New York.
Biologist KatyPayne of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, agrees. “We really need to know elephantnumbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect,” says Payne, who electronicallytracks elephants.
Countingelephants from planes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa. So researchers often estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in agiven area. They also need to know the rate at which dung decays: Because it’sextremely difficult to determine these rates, however, researchers countingelephants in one region tend to rely on standard decay rates establishedelsewhere.
But researchersat the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to regiondepending on the climate and environment. Using the wrong values can lead thecensus astray(离开正道),says Plumptre.
He and hiscolleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the forestsof Cameroon. They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 percent moreslowly than the dung in the rainforests of neighbouring Gabon. If researchersuse decay rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon, they would probablyfind more elephants than are actually around. This could mean estimates in Cameroon are at least twice as high as those derived from decay rates calculated locally,says Plumptre. “However accurate your dung density estimate might be, the decayrate can severely affect the result.”
Plumptre alsosays that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar insize to an elephant’s natural range. The usual technique of monitoring onlysmall, protected areas distorts numbers because elephants move in and out ofthese regions, he says. “If the elephant population increases within the protected area, youcan not determine whether it is a real increase or whether it is due toelephants moving in because they are being poached(入侵偷猎) outside.”
　Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studiesthat rely on indirect evidence such as nests, tracks or burrows(地洞).
41. The word “threatened” in the first sentence of the firstparagraph could be best replaced by____.
A. “endangered”
B. “frightened”
C. “killed”
D. “angered”
42. Piles of dung can’t be relied upon when it comes to estimatingelephant numbers because____.
A. they are different in size
B. they scatter all over the region
C. they are different in decay rate
D. they are different in quality
43. Why do researchers estimate elephant numbers in an area bycounting dung piles?
A. Because elephants are difficult to catch.
B. Because it is not possible to count elephants from a plane.
C. Because it is not possible to keep track of elephants.
D. Because elephants are shy animals.
44. According to Plumptre, the region over which a dung-pile censusis carried out should be____.
A. small enough
B. well protected
C. carefully monitored
D. large enough
45.The first word "He" in paragraph 6 refers to____.
A. Andrew Plumptre
B. Katy Payne
C. Anthony Chifu Nchanji
D. the writer of the article

【答案与解析】

41. The word “threatened” in the first sentence of the first  paragraph could be best replaced by____.	41. 第一段第一句话中“threatened”一词可替换为____。
A. “endangered”   B. “frightened”  C. “killed”  D. “angered”	A. “受威胁的”  B. “受惊吓的”  C. “被杀的”  D. “惹怒的”

41.A　 点睛根据原文第一段的第一句话可知，自然保护主义者可能算错了如大象之类的濒危动物的数量。threatened意为“受到威胁的”，指的是濒危动物，与endangered“有灭绝危险的，有生命危险的”可互换。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

42. Piles of dung can’t be relied upon when it comes to estimating  elephant numbers because____.	42. 当估计大象数量的时候，不能依靠粪堆是因为____。
A. they are different in size  B. they scatter all over the region  C. they are different in decay rate  D. they are different in quality	A. 粪堆大小不同  B. 粪堆遍布整个地区  C. 粪堆的衰减率不同  D. 粪堆的质量不同

42.C 点睛原文第四段说到，通过数粪堆来估计大象的数量还要考虑到粪堆的衰变速率。并且，原文第五段的第一句话又明确说到，“...this decay rate varies from region to region depending on theclimate and environment…”由此可知，本题的正确答案为C项。
避错其他选项文中均未提及，因此排除。

43. Why do researchers estimate elephant numbers in an area by  counting dung piles?	43. 研究人员为什么通过计算粪堆来估计某个地区大象的数量？
A. Because elephants are difficult to catch.  B. Because it is not possible to count elephants from a plane.  C. Because it is not possible to keep track of elephants.  D. Because elephants are shy animals.	A. 因为大象难以抓获。  B. 因为难以从飞机上数大象的数量。  C. 因为难以追踪大象。  D. 因为大象比较害羞。

43.B 点睛原文第四段的前两句话明确说到，“Counting elephants from planes isimpossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa. So researchers oftenestimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area”，也就是说，研究人员不得不通过大象粪便估计大象数量的原因是由于从飞机上数大象不可能的。由此可知，本题的正确答案为B。
避错其他选项文中均未提及，因此排除。

44. According to Plumptre, the region over which a dung-pile  census is carried out should be____.	44. 根据Plumptre，进行粪堆统计的地区应该____。
A. small enough  B. well protected  C. carefully monitored  D. large enough	A. 足够小  B. 被很好的保护  C. 仔细地监测  D. 足够大

44.D 定位根据关键词Plumptre、the region和a dung-pile census定位到原文倒数第二段。
点睛原文倒数第二段的第一句话就明确说到，“Plumptre also says that thedung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar in size to anelephant’s natural range.”他认为普查的地区的大小应该与大象的自然范围类似。并且根据后文分析的监测区域过小的弊端可知，Plumptre认为统计区域应该要足够大。因此，本题的正确答案为D。
避错A项明显与正确答案不符，为错误选项。倒数第二段举了保护区监测的例子，B项与C项属于断章取义，与原文内容不符，因此排除。

45. The first word "He" in paragraph 6 refers to____.	45. 第六段第一个单词“He”指的是____。
A. Andrew Plumptre  B. Katy Payne  C. Anthony Chifu Nchanji  D. the writer of the article	A. Andrew Plumptre  B. Katy Payne  C. Anthony Chifu  Nchanji  D. 本文作者

45.A 点睛代词通常指代的是前面提到且离得很近的词。上一段的末尾提到了Plumptre，由此可推知，此处的He指代的即为Plumptre。因此，本题的正确答案为A。
【全文翻译】
不要指望粪便
自然保护主义者也许算错了濒危动物如大象的数量，非洲和美国的研究人员说。出现错误是因为他们通过动物留下的粪堆来估计动物数量的方法。
根据纽约野生生物保护学会（WCS）的Andrew Plumptre，这个错误可能导致研究人员认为，在一些地区存在的大象数量是真实数量的两倍。
纽约州伊萨卡的康奈尔大学生物学家Katy Payne同意这个观点。Payne使用电子追踪大象，她说道，“我们真的需要知道大象的数量，而我们掌握的证据是间接的。”
在中部非洲广袤的热带雨林中，在飞机上数大象的数量是不可能的。所以，研究者经常通过计算某一地区的粪堆估计大象的数量。他们还需要知道粪便衰减的速度，由于确定该速度比较困难，研究人员倾向于按照某个地区已经确定的衰减速度来计算其他地区的大象数量。
但是，野生动物保护协会的研究人员发现，这种衰减率根据不同地区的气候和环境发生变化。Plumptre说，错误的值导致统计失误。
Plumptre和他的同事Anthony ChifuNchanji研究了喀麦隆的森林中衰减的大象粪便。他们发现，相比邻近的在加蓬的热带雨林中的粪便，该粪便衰减的速度慢了55%—56%。如果研究人员利用加蓬地区的衰变率来计算喀麦隆的大象数量，他们很可能计算的大象数量比真实存在的多。这就意味着，在喀麦隆的估计要比利用当地衰减率计算的大象数量至少高一倍，Plumptre说道，“无论你估计的粪便密度多么准确，衰变率会严重影响计算结果。”
Plumptre还说到，应该在与大象的自然范围大小相似的区域进行粪堆的统计。通常使用技术监测的仅仅是很小范围的保护区，这扭曲了统计数字，因为大象不断进出这些地区，他说，“如果保护区内的大象数量增加，你不能确定是否意味着真正的大象数量增加，还是因为保护区外面的偷猎使得大象迁入保护区。”
Plumptre说同样的问题还会影响其他依靠非直接的证据统计动物的调查，比如依靠巢穴、足迹和地洞。
第5部分：补全短文(第46~50题，每题2分，共10分)
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。
Sauna
Ceremonial (仪式性的) bathing has existed forthousands of years and has many forms, one of which is the sauna. The Finnshave perfected the steam bath, or sauna, which may be taken, usually in anenclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heat bath. 　(46)Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome andpre-Columbian Americans used sweat lodges.
The earliestsaunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturally filledwith smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. A fire kept in afire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat, thesmoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for severalhours. 　(47) Today most saunas use electricstoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available.
Saunas arerelaxing and stress relieving. Those with muscle aches or arthritis(关节炎)may find that the heatrelaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation(炎症). Asthma(气喘)patients find that the heatenlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing. Saunas do notcure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion(阻塞) and speed recovery time. 　(48)The sauna could be considered to follow the old saying "feed acold, starve a fever". The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihoodof getting a cold in the first place.
Sauna is goodfor your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs.Adults sweat about 2 lbs of water per hour on average in a sauna. A good sweatremoves dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. The lossin water weight is temporary as the body’s physiological mechanisms willquickly restore proper volumes. 　(49) Heart ratemay increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute.
A normal heartcan handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to usea sauna should seek a doctor’s advice. The elderly and those with diabetesshould check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. 　(50)Indeed, everyone just starting out should take short sessions atfirst to become accustomed to this type of bath.
A.an extra largesauna and steam room can be used for players to relax in.
B. Thecardiovascular system gets a work out as the heart must pump harder and fasterto move blood to the surface for heat exchange.
C. The Japanese,Greeks, Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans have forms of the sweatbath in their bathing rituals.
D. The body’score temperature usually rises a 1-2 degrees while in the sauna, thus imitatinga slight fever.
E. Pregnantwomen should not take saunas, particularly in the first three months.
F. A few peopletoday say that the smoke sauna, "savusauna", is the only true saunaexperience and that all saunas should have at least a background odor or smoke.
【答案与解析】
46.C 空格前面讲到芬兰人完善了蒸汽浴，空格后面提到了古罗马的干热和蒸汽浴、哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人的发汗小屋，由此推测，空格处应该也是对某个时期某个地区关于某种桑拿浴方式的介绍。C项符合该处语境，因此选C项。
47.F 本段主要介绍了早期的地下山洞桑拿浴。空格前面提到需要排烟，空格后面提到现在的桑拿浴主要使用电炉。F项中“smokesauna”与上文中提到的山洞里充满了烟相呼应，同时通过“today”一词从早期过渡到现在的情况，从而与下文相连接。本题选F项。
48.D 空格前后都在讲桑拿浴对于治疗或者防止感冒的积极作用。D项“在蒸桑拿浴时，人体温度通常会上升l—2摄氏度，就像发低烧一样的感觉。”具体说明了桑拿浴对人体产生的影响，其中的“a slight fever”与下文中的“feed a cold, starve a fever”相呼应，符合上下文语境，因此选D项。
49.B 空格前面讲到了桑拿浴促进皮肤血液循环等作用，空格后面提到心率增加，由此可知，空格处应该介绍桑拿浴对心脏系统的影响，因此选择B项。
50.E 本段主要介绍了蒸桑拿的一些注意事项，空格前面提到了心脏病患者、老人和糖尿病患者需要咨询医生，E项提到了孕妇不宜进行桑拿浴，与上文连接紧密，符合本段主题，因此选E项。
【全文翻译】
桑拿浴
　 仪式性的沐浴已经有几千年的历史，并且有多种形式，其中的一种就是桑拿浴。芬兰人完善了蒸汽浴，也就是桑拿浴。它可以在一个封闭的房间里将水浇在滚烫的石头上，或是一种干热浴。日本人、希腊人、土耳其人、俄国人以及美洲土著人在他们的沐浴传统中都有发汗浴这一形式。干热和蒸汽浴为古罗马所提倡，而哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人则使用发汗小屋。
　 最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下山洞里。山洞由火加热，由于当时还没有掌握烟囱技术，山洞里总是充满着浓烟。人们在火槽里生火，加热山洞的四壁。当墙壁达到一定的温度时，将浓烟排出洞外，而墙壁还能保持几小时的高温。今天，有一些人认为有烟的桑拿浴，“烟熏桑拿”，才是真正的桑拿体验，而所有的桑拿浴都应该至少有烟熏或烟味作背景。现在，尽管煤油炉和烧木头的火炉仍然可以使用，但大多数的桑拿浴是用电炉。
　 桑拿浴能使人放松并消除压力。肌肉疼痛或关节炎都可以利用桑拿浴的热气减轻疼痛和炎症。热气还可以扩张哮喘患者的肺部通道，使呼吸更加顺畅。桑拿浴并不能治愈普通的感冒，但它有利于减轻阻塞，加快康复的速度。在蒸桑拿浴时，人体温度通常会上升l—2摄氏度，就像发低烧一样的感觉。因此，蒸桑拿可以说是印证了一句老话：“伤风时宜吃，发热时宜饿。”定期蒸桑拿浴可以在第一时间预防感冒的发生。
　 蒸桑拿对皮肤也有好处，它可以促进皮肤的血液循环和出汗。在这个过程中，成年人一
般每小时要蒸发2磅的水。出汗可以清除毛孔中的污垢，使皮肤变得光洁。失水只是暂时性
的，人体机能能够很快补充合适的水量。为了运输更多血液到表皮进行热量交换，心脏跳动得更快，这就使心血管系统也得到了锻炼。蒸桑拿浴时的心率能从原来的平均每分钟72次增加到每分钟100—150次。
　 健康的心脏可以承受这种变化，而那些心脏病患者在蒸桑拿浴之前应该征求医生的建议。同样的，老年人和糖尿病患者也应如此。孕妇则不能蒸桑拿浴，尤其是在怀孕的头3个月。其实，每个人在刚开始尝试桑拿浴时都应该先是短时间的，直到适应了这种沐浴方式。
第6部分：完形填空(第51～65题，每题l分，共15分)
下面短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定l个最佳选项。
An Early Form of Jazz Music
Music comes inmany forms; most countries have a style of their own. At the turn of the lastcentury, 　51 jazz was born, America had noprominent 　(52) of its own. No one knows exactlywhen jazz was invented or by whom. But it began to be 　(53)in the early 1890s. Jazz is America’s contribution to 　(54)music. In contrast to classical music, which 　(55)formal European traditions, jazz is spontaneous and free in form. Itbubbles with energy, 　(56) the moods, interests,and emotions of the people. In the 1920s jazz 　(57) likeAmerica. And so it does today. The 　(58) of themusic are as interesting as the music itself. American Negroes, or blacks, asthey are called today, were the jazz pioneers. They were brought to theSouthern states 　(59) slaves. They were sold toplantation owners and forced to work long hours. When a Negro died, his friendsand relatives 　(60) a procession to carry thebody to the cemetery. In New Orleans, a band often accompanied the 　(61). On the way to the cemetery the band played slow, solemn music, suited tothe occasion. 　(62) on the way home the moodchanged. Spirits lifted. Death had removed one of their number, but the livingwere glad to be 　(63) . The band played 　(64)music, improvising on both the harmony and the melody of the tunes 　(65)at the funeral. This music made everyone want to dance. It was anearly form of jazz.
51. A. while B.when　 C.since D.as
52. A. music B.songs　 C.melodies　 D. tunes
53. A. listened　 B.noticed C.heard  D.found
54. A. classical B.sacred　 C.popular D.serious
55. A.introduces　 B.follows C.takes D.approaches
56. A.disclosing　 B.explaining C. expressing D.exposing
57. A. sounded B.felt　 C.looked D.seemed
58. A.discoveries B. originals　 C.resources　 D.origins
59. A. like　 B.for　 C.as D.by
60. A. composed　 B.formed C.hosted　 D.demonstrated
61. A. body B.demonstration　 C. procession D.march
62. A.Furthermore　 B. Similarly　 C.But　 D.Therefore
63. A. live　 B.alive C.life　 D.there
64. A. sad B.solemn C.happy　 D.funeral
65. A. sung　 B.showed C.played　 D.expressed
【答案与解析】
51.B 语法结构题。空格所在的句子成分为定语从句修饰前面的时间the turn of the last century，其中空格处在从句中作状语,因此这里需要填入一个引导定语从句的关系副词when，因此本题选B项。
52.A 语意理解题。句意：美国还没有属于自己的突出的音乐。这里泛指音乐，B、C、D项的词义都十分具体，不符合题意，本题选A项。
53.C 词义辨析题。爵士乐是音乐，所以noticed 和 found 都不合适。listen是不及物动词，在这里使用时需要加上to。C项heard在这里表示“听到”，符合题意，因此选C项。
54.C 语意理解题。爵士乐不属于古典音乐，也不属于严肃音乐或圣乐，而是流行音乐。因此本题选C项。
55.B 词义辨析题。句意：与遵循正式的欧洲传统的古典音乐相反……。follow“跟随；遵循”，符合题意因此选B项。introduce介绍；引进。approach接近；着手处理。
56.C 词义辨析题。句意：表达了人们的心情、兴趣和感情。express意思为“表达”，与后面的moods、interests和emotions等词搭配符合此处语境，因此选C项。disclose泄露。explain解释。expose暴露。
57.A 词义辨析题。句意：爵士乐听上去有了美国特色。爵士乐是音乐，因此这里选A项。
58.D 语意理解题。下文主要讲了爵士乐的起源， origin“起源”，因此本题选D项，discovery发现。resource资源。original原型；原作。
59.C 词义辨析题。句意：他们曾作为奴隶被贩卖给南方各州。这里表示“黑人是作为奴隶”，因此填入介词as。
60.B 词义辨析题。句意：当一个黑人去世后，他的亲朋好友会形成一支队列，将遗体送到墓地。form与aprocession搭配，指形成一支队列，符合题意，因此选B项。compose构成。host举办。demonstrate展示。
61.C 语意理解题。句意：在新奥尔良，葬礼行进队列常常有乐队随行。前面提到形成队列，因此选C项“procession”。
62.C 语意理解题。空格前面讲到去墓地的路上，这里讲回来的路上，二者形成对比，所以应该选C项But，表示转折。
63.B 词义辨析题。句意：但是活着的人应该快乐地生活。be alive表示 “活着”，与前面的“死”相对，符合语境，因此选B项。
64.C 语意理解题。句意：前面提到他们情绪高涨，很高兴能活着，所以音乐应该是轻快的，因此本题选C项。
65.C 词义辨析题。句意：即兴地改编着葬礼上演奏的曲子的和声和曲调。play与tunes搭配表示乐队演奏曲子，符合语境，因此选C项。
【全文翻译】
爵士乐的早期形式
音乐的形式多种多样；大多数国家都有其自己独特的风格。上世纪之初爵士乐诞生时，美国还没有属于自己的突出的音乐。没有人确切地知道何人何时发明了爵士乐，但是19世纪90年代初期，美国人开始欣赏爵士乐。爵士乐是美国对流行音乐的贡献。与遵循正式的欧洲传统的古典音乐相反，爵士乐即兴演奏、形式自由，其充满活力，表达了人们的心情、兴趣和感情。在20世纪20年代，爵士乐听上去有了美国特色，今天亦然。爵士乐的起源就像其音乐本身一样非常有意思。现在我们所称的美国黑人是爵士乐的先行者。他们曾作为奴隶被贩卖给南方各州的庄园主，并被迫进行长时间的劳动。那时，当一个黑人去世后，他的亲朋好友会形成一支队列，将遗体送到墓地。在新奥尔良，葬礼行进队列常常有乐队随行。在去墓地的路上，乐队演奏着庄严低沉的符合葬礼场合的音乐。但是，在回来的路上，他们的心情改变了。他们情绪高涨，虽然死神夺走了他们的一位朋友，但是活着的人应该快乐地生活。乐队演奏轻快的音乐，即兴地改编着葬礼上演奏的曲子的和声和曲调。这样的音乐让所有人想要跳舞，这就是爵士乐的早期形式。

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