对外经济贸易大学英语学院761基础英语历年考研真题及详解（修订版）

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2013年对外经济贸易大学英语学院761基础英语考研真题及详解
2012年对外经济贸易大学英语学院761基础英语考研真题及详解
2011年对外经济贸易大学英语学院761基础英语考研真题及详解
2010年对外经济贸易大学英语学院761基础英语考研真题及详解
2009年对外经济贸易大学英语学院761基础英语考研真题及详解
2008年对外经济贸易大学英语学院761基础英语考研真题及详解
2007年对外经济贸易大学英语学院761基础英语考研真题及详解
2006年对外经济贸易大学英语学院361基础英语考研真题及详解
2005年对外经济贸易大学英语学院361基础英语考研真题及详解
2004年对外经济贸易大学英语学院361基础英语考研真题及详解
2003年对外经济贸易大学英语学院351基础英语考研真题及详解
2002年对外经济贸易大学英语学院基础英语考研真题及详解
2001年对外经济贸易大学英语学院基础英语考研真题及详解
说明：对外经济贸易大学“基础英语”的科目代码在2003年是361，2004～2006年为361，自2007年起科目代码为761。虽然考试科目代号发生改变，但考题风格、难度等没变。本书用761作为科目代码。
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　　考研真题是每个考生复习备考必不可少的资料，而拥有一份权威、正确的参考答案尤为重要，通过研究历年真题能洞悉考试出题难度和题型，了解常考章节与重要考点，能有效指明复习方向。
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2013年对外经济贸易大学英语学院761基础英语考研真题及详解
Part I Multiple Choice (35%)
SectionOne: Choose from A, B, C or D the onethat best completes each blank. Mark the correct choice for each blank on the ANSWER SHEET (10points, 1 point each).
1. The man at the wheel is the fastestathlete in the world today, who has just taken delivery of his new car, the latest______ of the Toyota Supra.
A. launch
B. version
C. venture
D. mode
2. As policymakers rush to implementreforms in response to one financial calamity, they are ______ create distortions that pave the way for the next disaster.
A. apt to
B. apt at
C. risk to
D. risk in
3. As everyone understands, struggling______ economies must find a way to boost their net exports.
A. surrounding
B. minor
C. ambient
D. peripheral
4. I seemto hear the lyrics with his humming: ______ what may, I’ll love you until my dyingday.
A. Comes
B. Will come
C. Coming
D. Come
5. Apart from the budget office andother disinterested parties that study the law, each side in the debate uses researchsponsored by interest groups, often ______, to support its case.
A. sloped
B. sloppy
C. tipped
D. slanted
6. All thedoors were of stainless steel and the whole was kept ______ by the cleaning squad.
A. right on the nose
B. spick and span
C. under the wire
D. safe and sound
7. It is an irony of fate that I myselfhave been the recipient of excessive admiration and ______ from my fellow-being,through no fault, and no merit, of my own.
A. curtsy
B. contempt
C. reverence
D. courtesy
8. The system, furthermore, helpsthe company in accessing up-to-date publishing information and sales analysis, which have become ______ of the retailbusiness.
A. part and partake
B. odds and ends
C. part and parcel
D. facts and figures
9. For Japan,with a large share of its exports destined for Europe,a deeper crisis there would ______ growth.
A. take its toll on
B. send away for
C. bring a charge home to
D. put a check on
10. The 15 “recommended goods” havephotos and resumes with their “starting prices”, ______ their expected monthly pay,ranging from RMB2000-3000.
A. e.g.
B. viz.
C. n.b.
D. vs.
SectionTwo: Paraphrase each of the followingpassages. Try not to copy the original sentences. Write youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET (10%, 5 points each).
1. “The Antarctic is the vast sourceof cold on our planet, just as the sun is the source of our heat, and it exertstremendous control on our climate,” [Jacques] Cousteau told the camera. “The coldocean water around Antarctica flows north to mixwith warmer water from the tropics, and its upwelling helps to cool both the surfacewater and our atmosphere. Yet the fragility of this regulating system is now threatenedby human activity.” (From “Captain Cousteau”)
2. “While the Sears Toweris arguably the greatest achievement in skyscraper engineering so far, it’s unlikelythat architects and engineers have abandoned the quest for the world’s tallest building.The question is: Just how high can a building go? Structural engineer William Le Messurier has designed a skyscraper nearly one-half mile high, twiceas tall as the Sears Tower. And architect RobertSobel claims that existing technology could produce a 500-story building.” (From Ron Bachman)
SectionThree: Choose the correct headings foreach of the following paragraphs marked with B to F. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET (15points, 3 points each).
List of Headings
i Read all about it
ii It’s easier than ever to buy culture.
iii　 culture wars
iv　 Fueling the explosion
v Cultural abundance unlike a building boom
vi　 We’ve reached a tipping point, or at leastturned a corner.
vii　 Informal relations
viii Anyone can be a maker of culture.
ix　 Whatever happened to the television testpattern?

Example Answer   Paragraph A　 ix

11 Paragraph B______
12 Paragraph C______
13 Paragraph D______
14Paragraph E______
15Paragraph F______
A No morethan 20 years ago, most TV stations routinely signedoff the air for at least a few hours a day. At the end of their broadcast period, stationswould slap a test pattern up on the screen until the next morning’s programmingbegan. The test pattern—occasionally an absurd drawing of a Native American butmore often a simple geometric shape adorned with call letters—was a great symbolof cultural dead space, of a moment when nothing was happening, whennothing was being transmitted, save perhaps for a monotonous electronic hum. Whilesome stations still do sign off, they are increasingly rare in a hyperkinetic, always-openAmericathat has shifted fully into 24-7 mode. If the test pattern symbolized a moment of silence in the cultural process, then it’s onlyfitting that its long run has effectively been canceled.
B Similar developments range far beyond thesmall screen. During the past few decades, we have been experiencing what can aptlybe called a “culture boom”: a massive and prolonged increase in art, music, literature,video, and other forms of creative expression. Everywhere we look, the culturalmarketplace is open and ready for business: The number of places where you can buybooks has more than doubled during the past 20 years, while the number of librarieshas increased by about 17 percent. More than 25,000 video rental stores are scatteredacross the United States,effectively functioning as second-run theaters and art houses even in the most remotebackwaters. More than 110 symphony orchestras have been founded since 1980, reportsThe Wall Street Journal, which also notes that the national 1997-98 theatrical season“raked in a record $1.3 billion in ticket sales.” About 3,5oo commercial radio stationsand 670 commercial television stations have come on the air since 1970; during thesame period, cable viewer ship has quadrupled.
C The increasingly important World Wide Webhas provided space for all sorts of commercial and noncommercial culture, rangingfrom authorized sites to a reader-compiled database of more than 180,000 moviesto translations of Dante’s sonnets to fan-generated art. In video and music production, where equipment costs were once prohibitiveenough to seriously limit access,, there is a flourishing, self-conscious “do-it-yourself’movement that has taken great advantage of cheaper technology and distribution methods.In a world of $100 VCRs, bargain-basement PCs, CD—rewritable drives, and other technologies that allow users to copyand manipulate images, words, and sound in ever-new and seamless ways, even thesharp distinction between producer and consumer seems increasingly blurred.
D Gone for good are the days when serious culturalcritics, whether on the right or the left, could nod toward Tocqueville and Mrs. Trollope and bemoan a scarcity of “culture” in America.Instead, the contemporary descendants of such folks are more likely to make thesort of claim Slate’s Jacob Weisberg did recently in a review of economist TylerCowen’s In Praise of Commercial Culture.After granting that the United  States does in fact offer a dizzying array ofcultural opportunities, Weisberg complains: “What we lack is a flourishing common,or national, culture. Contemporary classical music goes unperformed, foreign filmshave no audience, and hardly anyone reads contemporary poetry. Meanwhile, pap abounds.”There are, in fact, healthy, if small, markets for the fare Weisberg prefers. Theproblem isn’t a lack of choice in cultural matters: You want Mozart, Mingus, andMarilyn Manson? No problem—they’re all available (and probably at a discount). Rather,the issue is precisely a profusion of choice in cultural matters: You want Mozart,Mingus—and Marilyn Manson?
E　 By virtually any measure, cultural activityhas been enjoying an expansion that stacks up to Wall Street’s long-running bullmarket. Interestingly, the culture boom has, for the most part, seen older art formssupplemented and preserved, rather than paved over. The past 30 years have seena number of developments that have greatly increased the amount and variety of TV-relatedculture available. The average home now has 2.3 sets, compared to 1.4 sets in 1970.Cable is now in 65.3 percent of all households with TVs (compared to 6.7 percentin 1970). The average subscriber receives 30 to 60 channels, typically includingseveral devoted not merely to shopping but to new and old feature films, rerunsof old shows, documentaries, and other sorts of specialized programming. Omnipresentvideo rental stores give virtually everyone access to a film library that a fewdecades ago even a millionaire wouldn’t have been able to afford.
F The culture boom is similarly reshaping bookpublishing. While an enormous amount of ink has been spilled over the demise ofprint culture, the death of so-called mid-list authors, and the threat to diversityposed by mega-mergers among publishers, actual book sales and related figures suggesta very different picture. Between 1975 and 1996, the number of books sold increasedby 817 million units annually. Fifty years ago, Tyler Cowen points out in In Praise of Commercial Culture, there wereonly 85,000 titles in print in the United States. Today, that figure standsat about 1.3 million. The increase in the number of books available has been matchedby an increase in places to get books. Between 1985 and 1993, for instance, thenumber of “ultimate companies”—outlets selling books in some form or another—rosefrom 9,200 to almost 90,000. Such staggering numbers have, of course, been eclipsedby Web sellers such as Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble’s online outfit (barnesandnoble.com).Boasting sites that include several million titles. Amazon and Barnes & Noble have been joined in cyberspace by used-booksites that combine lists from hundreds of used-book stores nationwide. The Web retailersare also leading the way in increasing access to foreign titles that have traditionallybeen very difficult to find in the States.
Part II Reading Comprehension (30%, 2 points each)
Choose the best answer for each question based on the passages.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage 1
Mayor Tom Bradley calls Los Angeles “the most ethnically diverse cityin the world,” and he’s surely right. Los Angeles isthe new Ellis Island, the place futurists tout as the America of tomorrow.The demographic changes that are beginning to transform the rest of the countryare here already. Just a decade ago, Los  Angeles was largely white and homogeneous. Today thereare no majorities. The 1990 census says the city is 40 percent Latino, 37 percent Anglo and 23 percent black and Asian. Thanks to immigration-legaland illegal-greater Los Angeles has nearly as manyMexicans as Monterrey, more Salvadorans than anycity but San Salvadorand the largest Korean, Taiwanese, Chinese and Philippine populations in the country.Nearly 100 languages are spoken in the city’s schools. More than 300,000 newcomers flood in each year, pitting blacksagainst Hispanics and Asians for jobs and housing in a city where both are scarce.
Los Angeles has not been a triumph for the melting pot,at least not yet. Even before the riots, it sometimes resembled a city under siege.Los Angeles is a town where merchants pack guns,where inner-city neighborhoods are divided into precincts with names like “LittleBeirut” or “the Kill Zone,” where wealthy neighborhoods are fenced off and postedwith warnings Of ARMED RESPONSE. “This is a bunker mentality,” says the head ofone of L.A.’s 3,500 private security firms. Lacking any center,barricaded into nervous camps, Los Angeleshas little common ground upon which its diverse citizenry can meet.
Nowhere in the country is the gap betweenrich and poor so evident; nowhere are racial or ethnic relations so complex. Mexicansmistrust Central Americans. Hispanics and Asians coexist uneasily in many neighborhoods.Black looters who torched Asian markets justified themselves as avenging perceivedracism. Amid the social fragmentation, blacks are especially isolated. Once southernCalifornia’s ascendantminority, African-Americans represent only 13 percent of the city’s population,and that percentage is shrinking. L.A.’s Latinos,by contrast, doubled over the past decade, all but displacing blacks in Watts, home of the 1965 riots, and encroaching on African-Americanneighborhoods throughout the city.
There are no quick fixes to such profoundsocial changes. Politicians will cobble together emergency economic and social programs.Ultimately, though, the solution to L.A.’scrisis will be the very diversity that now poses such challenges.
Drive down Melrose Avenue and you are struckby the city’s tremendous ethnic vitality—and its potential. Iranian and Russian restaurantsvie with Jewish markets. Armenian exporters jostle Japanese importers. Thai Town givesway to Korea town which gives way to Little Central America. This is more than afestival of international cuisine. These are thriving businesses with spreadinglinks to greater Los Angelesand beyond.” L.A. is America’sfirst true world city,” says Safi Qureshey, a Pakistani immigrant whose company,AST Research, Inc., has become the third largest U.S. computer exporter.
You hear a lot of talk these days about PacificRim-ism, and how ethnic diversity, is the key to the21st century. In L.A.,much of that talk is true. Malaysian or Thai businessmen in Los Angeles keep their links to their homelands.Commerce often follows.” This is the modern version of the traditionalmelting pot,” says Phil Burgess at the Center for the New West. “These new Americanslearn English. They plug into the system. But they ‘assimilate’ us as much as we‘assimilate’ them.”
Many of these successes are in neighborhoodsthat today seem so troubled. Asian communities are quickly vaulting into the middleclass. If some Hispanic neighborhoods seem overrun with impoverished newcomers,others are becoming established centers of enterprise. Significantly, Hispanic neighborhoodswere largely spared from rioting and looting. The reason is parteconomics, part ethnicity. Latinos and Asians have a stake in the city in a waythat most blacks have not, explains L.A.sociologist Joel Kotkin. “They start more businesses and buy their homes. You don’ttorch what you own.” What’s more, Asians and Latinos generally stay put once theymake it, spreading their wealth to their neighbors. Blacks, by contrast, tend tobehave like many whites. They head for the suburbs, leaving behind a black “community”of predominantly young poor.
That isolation must end if Los Angeles is to recoverand prosper-and it may well end sooner rather than later. The wealth generated bythriving ethnic businesses will raise the communities around them. That day maybe too far off for the doters, but what’s encouraging is that so many Angelenosstill managed to see that vision through the smoke of L.A.’s fires.
Questions1-5
1. Whichof the following is NOT true about Los  Angeles?
A. Immigration makes it the most ethnicallydiverse city in the world.
B. There are not enough jobs and houses forthe immigrants.
C. Latino accounts for the largest percentageof the population.
D. Some people came to settle down in LAthrough illegal means.
2. Whichof the following can best describe the city according to the author?
A. People of many different cultures minglewell in the city.
B. Among different ethnic groups there areconstant conflicts.
C. Little communication takes place becauseof language barriers.
D. Rich people are a threat to the rest ofthe people in the city.
3. Among all the groups of people,the population of ______ is shrinking and its people are isolated.
A. Mexicans
B. Hispanics
C. Asians
D. African-Americans
4.To adapt to the social changes, the way out for LA may be ______.
A. what causes the problems—diversity
B. some effective economic and social programs
C. a festival of international cuisine
D. getting people to move out of the city
5．“You don’t torch what you own” means ______.
A. You don’t give what you have created toothers
B. You don’t want others to destroy yourproperty
C. You don’t want to destroy your ownproperty
D. You are not satisfied with what youhave
Passage 2
South Korea wallows in existential angst
The phenomenal success of GangnamStyle, a video by Korean rap artist Psy that has been viewed 280m times, is a quirky (and rather catchy) indicationof South Korea’srising fortunes. The dance video gently sends up the nouveau-riche, plastic surgery-enhancedlifestyle that has been made possible by an economic transformation so extraordinaryit is known as “the miracle on the Han River”.
But something curious is happening. Justas South Koreais growing more confident on the world stage—culturally, economically and diplomatically—itis going through something of an existential crisis at home. Suicides are drasticallyhigher, fertility is perilously low and the electorate is flirting with the ideaof jettisoning traditional presidential candidates in favour of an untested IT entrepreneur.
It seems an odd moment to be having a nationalnervous breakdown. Samsung and Hyundai have established themselves as premier consumerbrands from Canberra to Cupertino. Korea’s per capita income of $30,000is fast closing in on the EU average of $33,000. And whether it is winning $20bnnuclear contracts in Abu Dhabi, pouring money into emerging markets such as India, China and Brazil, or vying with Japan to be Washington’s bestfriend in Asia, Seoul is having a global impact as never before.
That is not how it feels at home. The morethat the residents of the fashionable Gangnam district live it up, the more Koreansfeel their economic model is skewed towards a privileged elite. Some statisticssuggest Koreais among the most unequal of advanced countries. Chaebol conglomerates, the prideof the nation abroad, are considered by many to be economic bullies at home, blamedfor squeezing suppliers and pushing small businesses into bankruptcy.
Whatever the impressive macroeconomic datasuggest, more Koreans feel poor, overworked and weighed down by social pressures.Chief among their concerns is the stress and expense of putting their children through“exam hell”, even in the knowledge that there are too many graduates chasing toofew well-paid jobs. No wonder Korea’sbirth rate has plummeted—to 1.23, well below the 2.2 replacement rate and lowereven than Japan,at 1.4.
The outgoing conservative government of LeeMyung-bak was good at putting on an international show. It hosted the G20 summitwith aplomb. It attracted attention with its “green growth” agenda. But John Delury,assistant professor at Yonsei university, says it neglected domestic social andeconomic issues. Suicide rates have doubled over the past decade and are now themain cause of death for people under 40. The position of women has advanced at amuch slower pace than the economy.
Nowhere is the sense of dissatisfaction moreapparent than in the campaign for December’s presidential election. The surprisepackage has been Ahn Chul-soo, a university professor and founder of Ahnlab, anantivirus company, who has gained a cult following especially among Korean youth.The 50-year-old independent—a sort of “anti-politician”—is polling above 40 per cent even though he only declaredhis presidential ambition this month. Mr. Alan is running against two establishmentfigures. Park Geun-hye is a conservative from the same party as the presidentialincumbent. On the liberal establishment side, the Democratic United party has selectedMoon Jae-in, aide to a former president.
It is a measure of how much Koreans wanta break from the past that Ms Park saw fit this week to apologize for the humanrights abuses of her father, the dictator Park Chung-hee, who ran the country for 18 years until he was assassinated in 1979. (Onhearing of his fate, his pragmatic daughter’s first words were said to have been“Is the border secure?”) Ms Park has felt it necessary to ditch her impeccably conservativecredentials by moving towards the centre. She has taken to talking about “economicdemocratisation”, a buzz phrase that embraces the idea of weakening the stranglehold of chaebol and fostering a more even distribution of wealth.
Mr. Ahn, whose supporters compare him with Barack Obama—the promising 2008 vintage, not the corked 2012 version—representsa rejection of old-style politics. “Moon is the man of the past, Park is a relicof the past, Ahn is the man of the future,” is how Jang Sung-min, a former parliamentarianputs it.
The three-way race makes the election resulthighly unpredictable. Many expect Mr. Alan and Mr. Moon to come to some sort of last-minute pact. If they do not, theyrisk splitting the liberal vote and handing victory to Ms Park, a result that wouldappear to be at odds with the anti-establishment mood.
One possible interpretation of the politicalmess in general and the popularity of the political novice Mr. Ahn in particular is that Korea is going through a crisis of democraticlegitimacy. That would be quite the wrong conclusion. The country that threw offdictatorship in 1987 is now as robust, if imperfect, a democracy as any in Asia, a rebuke to those who argue that Confucian societiesor “Asian values” are somehow incompatible with the ballot box. Far from suggestingthat democracy is failing Korea,the noisy tussle around the presidency shows a system adapting to the popular will.That, at least, should brighten the national mood.
Questions6-10
6. Whatdoes the author mean by “South  Korea wallows in existential angst”?
A. South Korea is currently experiencingthe existential anxiety.
B. South Korea now indulges in the existentialanger.
C. South Korea ties itself with the existentiallogic.
D. South Korea is seeking a new way outof existential crisis.
7. Of thefollowing, what is NOT true about Korea’s “existential crises at home”?
A. Koreans in general are having a nervousbreakdown nationally.
B. Fertility is perilously low.
C. Suicides are drastically higher.
D. South Korea becomes ever more unconfidenteconomically.
8. Whichof the following statements is TRUE about Chaebol conglomerates?
A. They are not considered economic bulliesat home.
B. They are regarded as pride of the nationabroad.
C. They have nothing to do with pushing smallbusinesses to bankruptcy.
D. All of above.
9. Comparedwith Barack Obama, what is the image of Mr. Ahn in his supporters’ eyes?
A. He is an establishment figure.
B. He is from a minority group that representsthe past.
C. He has working experience in an enterpriseas Obama does.
D. He represents a rejection of old-styleand man of the future.
10. Accordingto the passage, which of the following is TRUE on Korea’s democracy?
A. It has a bright future.
B. The democracy is failing in South Korea.
C. Korea is going through a crisis of democraticlegitimacy.
D. Confucian societies or “Asian values”are incompatible with the democracy.
Passage 3
The backlash against the rich has goneglobal
11 ______. Defending the French government’s recent decision to raise the toprate of income tax to 75 per cent, Pierre Moseovici, the country’s finance minister,told Le Monde: “This is not a punitive measure, but a patriotic measure.” The rich,he explained, are being given an opportunity to make “an exceptional contribution”to solving France’sfinancial problems. I am sure they are very grateful.
France is dearly taking a big risk by raising itstax rates so much higher than those of its neighbours. 12 ______. The truth is that the new French governmentis at the extreme end of a new global trend: an international backlash against thewealthy that is reshaping politics from Europe to the US to China.
David Cameron, the British prime minister,has offered to roll out the red carpet for French tax exiles. But even in Britain,where the top tax rate is 45 per cent, there is a new mood of antagonism towardsthe rich. 13 ______.
In the US,meanwhile, Barack Obama is campaigning to increase taxes on “millionaires and billionaires”:It is true that the tax rises that the US president wants would be laughablysmall by French standards. Mr. Obama merely wants to raise the top ratefrom35 per cent to 39.6 per cent, as well as increasing taxes on capital gains anddividends.
14 ______. The French socialists made great play of Nicolas Sarkozy’s allegedly“bling” lifestyle and friendships with the super-rich. In similar vein, the Obamacampaign has attacked Mitt Romney as a tax-dodging representative of “the 1 percent” and mocked his wife’s ownership of a dressage horse. These tactics sound risk),because Americans are traditionally said to admirethe wealthy, rather than to envy them. But the Obama camp can read polls. By a marginof 64 per cent to 33 per cent, Americans are in favour of higher taxes on thoseearning more than $250,000.
Political sensitivities about the gap betweenthe wealthy and the rest are not confined to the west. The lifestyles of the richand powerful is now the most sensitive and dangerous topic in Chinese polities.The website of Bloomberg News was recently shut down in China, apparently” as punishment for the publicationof an article on the family wealth of a high rank official in China.
Why is all this happening? As Zanny MintonBeddoes of The Economist writes in a recent essay, “a majority of the world’s citizensnow live in countries where the gap between the rich and the rest is a lot biggerthan it was a generation ago”. 15 ______. As Ms Minton Beddoes points out, in the US “the portion of nationalincome going to the richest 1 per cent tripled from 8 per cent in the 1970s to 24per cent in 2007”.
Eventually that kind of shift is liable tospark a political backlash. The trigger for that reaction has been the Great Recession,which has increased the pressure on the living standards of ordinary people, whileexposing misbehaviour at the top. Western politicians, from Barack Obama to FrancoisHollande are seeking to capture and channel this new mood. In Asia,where the Great Recession has hit less hard, other factors may be at work. The internet and the rise of microblogging have made it easier to spreadinformation and to whip up indignation about the gap between the hard-pressed workerand the super-rich.
Choose the following sentences marked A to E to complete theabove article. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
11. ______12. ______ 13. ______ 14. ______ 15. ______
A. The trend has been most extreme in thewest.
B. It is never a great sign when politiciansstart appealing to taxpayers’ patriotism.
C. Even conservative politicians dare notdefend bankers’ pay.
D. But it is a mistake to portray the Hollandeadministration as Socialist dinosaurs.
E. But some of the president’s rhetoric has distinct echoes of thesuccessful Hollande campaign in France.
Part III Identify the Rhetorical Devices (20%, 2 points each)
Each of the following sentences contains a rhetorical device.Identify this device and write the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. “Letus go forth to lead the land we love.”
A. simile
B. metaphor
C. alliteration
D. assonance
2. A citythat is set on a hill cannot be hid.
A. zeugma
B. assonance
C. aporia
D. euphony
3. A notoriousannual feast, the picnic was well attended.
A. litotes
B. appositive
C. parody
D. antithesis
4. Thispaper is just like an accountant’s report: precise and accurate but absolutely useless.
A. simile
B. metaphor
C. irony
D. epithet
5. The fireproveth gold, and temptation proveth the righteous man.
A. oxymoron
B. sententia
C. metanoia
D. analogy
6. “Withmalice toward none, with charity for all.”
A. syllepsis
B. hyperbole
C. tautology
D. metonymy
7. We mustall hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately.
A. paradox
B. apophasis
C. syllepsis
D. irony
8. “Ifyou call me that name again, I’m going to explode!”
A. hyperbole
B. analogy
C. cacophony
D.metaphor
9. The flies buzzing and whizzingaround their ears kept them from finishing the experiment at the swamp.
A. contrast
B. epithet
C. understatement
D. onomatopoeia
10. As thesaying is, art is long and life is short.
A. sententia
B. paradox
C. irony
D. climax
Part IV Translation (30%)
Translate the following English passage into Chinese. Write youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET.
You may have learned that in June2007, the U.S. Government began to investigate BAE Systems for a possible violationof the Business Practices and Reports Act. This law replaced the Anti-Foreign CorruptPractices Act, which was commonly known as the anti-bribery law. The intent is to enhance the imageof the United States, and reducethe cost of doing business by reducing bribery by U.S. exporting companies. The primarymeans of enforcement is by the record-keeping requirements that are built into thelaw.
Essentially, this law makes it illegal forU.S.exporters to bribe foreign officials to do something that is not one of their normalfunctions. Of course, the definitions of bribe, foreign official, and other termsare critical. It is legal to give a small payment to a foreign customs inspectorto get your shipment cleared expeditiously. The small payment would not be considereda bribe, the customs inspector would not be considered a foreign official (not highenough in the hierarchy), and clearing your shipment expeditiously is a normal functionfor inspectors. It is not legal to givethe brother of the minister of health several thousand dollars to bring about thepurchase of your line of antibiotics. If your foreign sales agent pays a bribeand you didn’t know about it, you can be held accountable if file Department ofJustice believes that you should haveknown about it.
Most U.S. Government officials have understoodthat not being able to offer bribes puts U.S. firms at a competitive disadvantagewith regard to firms of other countries. Therefore, the law has not been enforcedvery diligently (and it is a hard one to enforce anyway). Still, there have beenmajor convictions with regard to, for example, selling aircraft to the Netherlands and selling petroleum equipment to Mexico.Other countries have been joining the United States in trying to reduce corruption.This has been a subject of interest in international trade agreements for the past60 years.
In 1998, the Anti-Bribery and Fair CompetitionAct was passed. Essentially, it directs the U.S. government to try to reduce theamount of corruption on a worldwide basis. The more successful this effort is, theless need there will be for American companies to engage in corrupt practices. Thiswill be good for nearly everyone except those who have been receiving the bribes.
Part V Writing (35%)
Write an English composition of about 300 words, illustratingwith one or two examples how foreign and/or Chinese cultures or businesses canbe glocalized. Your writing will beassessed in terms of language, format, structure, content and length. Write iton the ANSWER SHEET.
My View on Glocalization
参考答案及解析
Part I MultipleChoice (35%)
Section One
1.B 句意：开车的那个人是当今世界最快的运动员，他刚刚收到了他的新车，最新一款的丰田Supra。launch发射（导弹、火箭等）；发起，发动；使…下水。version版本；译文；倒转术。venture企业；风险；冒险。mode模式；方式；风格；时尚。
2.A 句意：当决策者们急于实施一些改革措施来应对此次金融灾难时，他们很可能又造成了新的问题，而这为下次的灾难留下了隐患。be apt to易于…,有…的倾向。
3.D 句意：众所周知，要提升外围经济就得提高净出口。surrounding周围的，附近的。minor未成年的；次要的；较小的；小调的；二流的。ambient周围的；外界的；环绕的。peripheral外围的；次要的。
4.D 句意：我似乎听到了他轻轻地哼着歌：无论发生什么，我会一直爱你，至死方渝。come what way是习惯用法，意为“无论发生什么；无论如何”，这里come动词原形放在句首，句子要倒装。
5.D 句意：除了预算组和其他一些中立组织在研究这部法律之外，辩论双方还引用了一些被其他利益集团赞助的有政治倾向的研究来支持这个案例。sloped倾斜的。sloppy草率的；粗心的；泥泞的；肥大的；稀薄的。tipped焊接在尖头上的，镶齿的。slanted斜的，有倾向的。这里要注意区分sloped 和slanted, sloped 只表示物理的倾斜，而slanted还可表示观念和情感态度方面的倾斜。
6.B 句意：所有的门都是不锈钢的，而且每天都被清洁组擦洗的干净明亮。这里考查对几个习惯表达的辨析。right on the nose正好；恰好；正中要害。spick andspan崭新的，极干净的。under the wire在最后期限前；在终点线。safe and sound平安无事；完整无损。
7.C 句意：我自己竟然受到人类的极大崇拜和尊敬，这不是由于我的过错，也不是因为我的功绩，而是一个巨大的讽刺。curtsy屈膝礼。contempt轻视，蔑视；耻辱。reverence 崇敬；尊严；敬礼。courtesy礼貌；好意；恩惠。
8.C 句意：更重要的是，这个系统帮助公司获取最新的出版信息和市场分析，而这已成为零售业中不可或缺的一部分。part and partake，没有这样的搭配，odds andends零星物品，零碎东西。part and parcel必要部分；重要的部分。facts andfigures事实和数字；准确的资料；确凿的事实。
9.A 句意：对于日本来说，它的出口严重依赖欧洲，这会对其经济增长带来非常不利的影响。take its toll on带来不好的影响。send away for函索。bringa charge home to证明或判决(某人)有罪。put a checkon制止；禁止。
10.B 句意：这15种推荐商品，有照片也有起始价，也就是每月大概要付2000至3000元。这里考查对几个常用缩略词的用法。e.g. 表示“例如”，viz.表示“也就是；即，”和namely意思差不多，n.b.表示“（拉丁语）注意（等于 nota bene）”，vs. 表示“对比，与…相对（等于versus）”。
Section Two
1. “Just like we get theheat from the sun, we also get the cold from the Antarctic, as a result the Antarctichas a great impact on our climate as well.” [Jacques] Cousteau said in the interview.“With the cold ocean water flows from the Antarctic mixed with the warmer waterfrom the tropics, both the surface water and our atmosphere are cooled because ofthe mixture and its upwelling. But the regulating system is very fragile and humanactivity has threatened its working mechanism. ” (From “Captain Cousteau”)
2. Although the Sears Towermay remain the greatest achievement in skyscraper engineering so far, the architectsand engineers have never ceased their pursuit for the world’s tallest building.Here is a question: just what height can a building reach? Structural engineer WilliamLe Messurier has designed a skyscraper which is about one-half mile in height, twiceas tall as the Sears Tower. And architect RobertSobel said that existing technology enables us to produce a 500-story building.”(From Ron Bachman)
Section Three
11.ii 这篇文章主要讲了近年来文化市场的繁荣，而该段则首先给出文化繁荣这一结论，然后又列举了各种文化繁荣的具体表现：书店、图书馆、视频租赁店、交响乐队等都如雨后春笋般涌现出来，由此可见现在我们比以往的任何时候都能更方便到买到想要的文化产品。
12.viii 这一段主要讲万维网给大家制作，发布文化产品提供了新平台，以前要制作文化产品，比如视频或音乐作品，设备费用相当贵，而现在由于网络等新技术使得制作成本大大降低，因此每个人都能成为文化产品的制作者。
13.iii 这一段主要讲，文化繁荣之后，我们面临的问题不是文化产品的稀缺而是产品太多，我们不知道如何选择，即各种文化产品之间互相抵触，产生了所谓的“文化战”。
14.v 这一段主要讲文化繁荣时，一些旧的文化形式也被保存了下来，作者特别提到了与电视相关的文化产品的快速发展。由此可见文化产品的繁荣，不像建筑业的繁荣，因为它还保留了一些传统的 形式。
15. i 最后一段主要讲文化繁荣在图书出版市场的表现，由于Amazon.comand Barnes & Noble’s 的出现，人们能够更加方便，快捷地获取想要的图书，特别是一些外国书籍，因此选择“人们几乎能读到所有想看的书”。
Part II ReadingComprehension (30%, 2 points each)
1.A 细节题，信息主要集中在第一段，此题有一定的难度，可以用排除法来做。首先由for jobs and housing in a city where both arescarce可知这里工作和住房的确不足，再由The 1990 census says the city is40 percent Latino, 37 percent Anglo and 23 percent black and Asian可知拉丁美洲人的确是最多的，再由Thanks to immigration-legal andillegal-greater 可知一些人的确是通过非法途径来到洛杉矶的。那么A项到底错在哪里呢， “the most ethnically diverse city in the world” 只是Mayor Tom Bradley 的个人说法，事实并不一定就是如此。
2.B 推断题，由Nowhere in the country is the gap between rich andpoor so evident; nowhere are racial or ethnic relations so complex. Mexicansmistrust Central Americans. Hispanics and Asians coexist uneasily in manyneighborhoods等可以推测出，这些不同种族，不同文化的人生活在这里经常会出现各种冲突和纠纷，这也是洛杉矶亟待解决的一个问题。
3.D 细节题，由第三段的blacks are especially isolated 以及African-Americans represent only 13 percent of thecity’s population, and that percentage is shrinking 可知黑人通常被人们孤立，并且他在总人口中所占的比重也在减少。
4.A 细节判断题，由第四段中的Ultimately, though, the solution to L.A.’scrisis will be the very diversity that now poses such challenges 可知造成现在这些问题的多样性也正是其最终的解决方案。
5.C 句意猜测题，句子出现在文章倒数第二段，而整个句子是说亚洲人和拉丁美洲人开创了自己的事业，购置了自己的房产，他们不想损害已得财产。
6.A 文章标题是说韩国现在正深陷焦虑当中，再由文章内容，我们也可以很清楚地看出，韩国国内现在正面临着很多问题，高自杀率，低生育率等等。由此可见A项是最符合标题意思的。
7.D 细节题，可用排除法来做，由第三段第一句It seems an odd moment to be having anational nervous breakdown 可知A项正确，再由第二段中的Suicides are drastically higher, fertility isperilously low 可知B、C项也正确，D项在原文中找不到任何对应信息。
8.B 细节判断题，信息主要集中在第四段。由Chaebol conglomerates, the pride of thenation abroad, are considered by many to be economic bullies at home, blamedfor squeezing suppliers and pushing small businesses into bankruptcy 可知Chaebol conglomerates在国内并不被看好，而在国际上却是韩国的骄傲。
9.D 细节题，信息主要集中在第九段。由represents a rejection of old-style politics和Ahn is the man ofthe future可知Ahn 是反对传统政治的代表，同时也代表着韩国政坛未来的走向。
10.A 细节判断题，信息主要集中在文章最后一段。由Far fromsuggesting that democracy is failing Korea, the noisy tussle around the presidencyshows a system adapting to the popular will. That, at least, should brighten thenational mood 可知作者并未认为民主政治在韩国失败了，相反作者很看好韩国的民主进程。
11.B 该句是整个文章的第一句话，因此该句起着总领全文和引出文章主题的作用，而所给选项中C、D、E三项都是表示转折的，很明显放在段首不合适，A项中thetrend 也不知道是什么trend, 也不能放在段首。所以只有B项合适，在看文章后面法国财政部长的确说到了此次提高高收入者个人所得税税率是爱国行为。
12.D 这一段主要是讲法国提高个人所得税的行为及作者对此的评价，而所给选项中只有D项是讲法国的，所以只能选择该项。
13.C 这一段主要是说在英国虽然个人所得税只有45%，但是也出现了对富人的敌对趋势。因此即使保守的政客也不敢为银行支付的费用而辩护。
14.E 前一段讲到了美国总统奥巴马也想提高个人所得税税率的行为和努力，接下来又继续讲奥巴马总统的其他一些举动，由此可见，这里需要一个描写美国，尤其是奥巴马总统的过渡句，而所给选项中只有E项是描写美国的。
15.A 该句的前面引用了《经济学人》一个作家的观点说我们这代人的贫富差距比以前更大了，而后面又例举了美国这一具体事例，结合这上下文语境可得知只有A项符合。
Part III Identifythe Rhetorical Devices (20%, 2 points each)
1.C 很明显该句中lead the land we love中有三个单词都是以字母L开头，而这是符合押头韵（alliteration）的定义的。押头韵是指一组词、一句话或一行诗里，有意反复使用起首字母或起首声韵相同的词。头韵一般出现在两个或两个以上临近的词或音节中，通常为起首辅音的重复。
2.B这里的hill和hid共用元音，所以是谐音（压元音的韵），谐音是指The use of the same, or related, vowel sounds in successive words 。
3.B这里A notorious annual feast 是作the picnic的同位语放在句首。Appositive refers to a noun or noun substitute placednext to (in apposition to) another noun to be described or defined by the appositive.
4.A这里很明显有标志词like，当然并不是说所有出现like的都是明喻，但这里的确是明喻。明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性。标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though,similar to, such as等。
5.D这里很明显是将the fire 和the temptation 拿来类比。Analogyis also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparisonon one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike thingsthat have several common qualities or points of resemblance.
6.B很明显这里toward none, for all是不太现实的，因此是一种夸张。夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的。它可以加强语势,增加表达效果。
7.C这句话是本杰明·富兰克林所说，意思为我们必须团结一致，否则我们将被一一处以绞刑。这里前后两个hang有两个不同的意思，所以是一语双叙。Syllepsis是指用一个词（如动词、形容词、介词等）同时与两个或更多的词相搭配，在越一个词搭配时用一种词义，而在与另一个词搭配时则用另一种词义,这种搭配在句法规则和语义上都是正确的，并产生不同的字面意义和比喻意义。
8.A“如果你再叫我那个名字，我就会爆发”。很明显这里explode是夸张的说法。
9.D这里的buzzing and whizzing 是模拟文字嗡嗡的声音，因此是拟声词。Onomatopoeia（拟声）是通过模仿、描绘和渲染人类万物的声音来修辞的辞格，运用它能刺激人们的听觉，产生语音象征意义的联想，从而增强语言表达的直观性、生动性和形象性，给人一种耳闻其声、身临其境的感觉。
10.A这里引用了一句名言所以是格言警句。Sententia refers to quoting a maximor wise saying to apply a general truth to the situation; concluding or summingforegoing material by offering a single, pithy statement of general wisdom.
Part IV Translation (30%)
你可能已经知道，2007年6月，美国政府开始调查英国宇航系统公司因为它可能违反了商业惯例和报告法案。这部法案代替了反国外行贿法规（通常被简称为反行贿法）。颁布这部法案是为了提升美国的形象，减少美国出口公司的行贿行为从而削减商业成本。而该法案的执行则主要依靠写进法律的记录要求。
这部法律从根本上规定了美国出口公司通过行贿外国官员来做一些超越自己职权的事是违法的。当然，对“行贿”“外国官员”等术语的区分是至关重要的。给外国海关检察员一点小恩惠让他迅速将你的货物检查完是合法的。这一点小恩惠不会被看作是贿赂，海关检查员也不会被当作外国官员（因为他们的级别还很低），而且迅速检查货物也是检查员分内之事。然而给卫生部部长的兄弟几千美金让他引进你的抗生素系列产品就是违法的了。如果你的外国贸易机构向你行贿了，但你并不知情，而司法部又认为你应该知道这个情况，那么你也是有责任的。
美国的大多数政府官员都清楚不让他们的出口公司行贿会使他们在国际竞争中处于劣势。所以这部法律并没有被严格执行（事实上也很难执行）。当然也还是有被定罪的一些案例，比如向荷兰出售飞机的案例，向墨西哥出口石油设备的案例等。其他一些国家也和美国联手共同致力于反腐败斗争。这也是过去60年里国际贸易协定普遍关注的一个问题。
1998年美国通过了反行贿和公平竞争法。这从根本上致使美国开始尝试在全球范围内减少腐败行为。这项举措越成功，那么美国企业就越没有必要参与到腐败行为中来。这几乎对所有人都是有利的，除开那些受贿之人。
Part V Writing (35%)
My View on Globalization
Since we start learning history inthe middle school, we have contacted to globalization more or less. However, thereseems not to be an exact definition to explain globalization. A careful definitionsays that globalization is an international flow of goods and capital, centeringon economic globalization. In the process, the corresponding regional and internationaleconomic organizations and economic entities come into beings, along with the internationalcommunications, collisions, conflicts and fusions of culture, the way of life andthe sense of value. The development of globalization cannot be stopped. Nowadaysthere has been a heated debate over the globalization.
Many people strongly hold that theglobalization benefits many aspects of a country. Globalization influences the financialcondition as well as the industrial sector of a particular nation. It gives birthto markets based on industrial productions across the world. Besides, globalizationin politics helps in the formation of a world government to normalize the existinginteractions among countries. Globalization not only let Chinese people know theworld, but also let the world know China.
However, some opponents maintain thatthe globalization would kill a nation's cultural characteristics. For example, someChinese people enjoy Christmas Day, instead of Chinese New Year’s Day, and Valentine’sDay, but not Qixi. It is normal that different cultures collide and lead to contradiction.But the problem is that some people are losing our traditional culture and our cultureis being westernized. Also, bad aspects of foreign cultures are affecting the localcultures through TV and the Internet.
To my mind, globalization is a double-edgedsword that brings both advantages and disadvantages, but I approve of globalization.It’s the demand of society’s development. Obviously, the society cannot meet people’sneeds and wants all the time. They always require more things than already existing,which propel the society forward. Globalization comes into being in the processof the society’s development. In the process of globalization, China shares morebenefits than suffering, as far as I am concerned. Globalization contributes muchto China’sdevelopment over the past years. It brings about new technology, more business andjob chances, capital and support. As we all know, the year of 2008 is very memorablefor everybody in China.Out of question, it is the globalization offering a stage for China to show, and also the globalization offeringgood opportunities for foreign friends to learn about China. On the contrary, China can keep intouch with other countries all over the world. For individuals, people’s livingconditions are much better and people are living a more colorful life. Globalizationmakes the world smaller and makes it possible for people to talk, travel, exchangeideas and experience on a global scale.
Since globalization becomes an unavoidabletrend, it becomes a challenging work for human beings to take advantages of it.Meanwhile, we should not lose ourselves in the process of globalization. In summary,globalization is a natural process in which people interact in the way of living,sense of value, pattern of thinking and so on. It is a result of the society’s development;it stems from human nature. As we all know, people cannot avoid globalization, butaccept the challenge reasonably. If everybody could contribute to globalization,there will be a big hope for globalization to do something useful and helpful forhuman beings in the future.
2012年对外经济贸易大学英语学院761基础英语考研真题及详解
Part I Multiple Choice(35%)
Section One: Choose from A,B, C or D the one that best completes each blank. Mark the correct choice foreach blank on your ANSWER SHEET (10 points).
1. There isa ______ difference in treatment of creditors in Europe—Britain, Ireland, the Netherlandsand Scandinavian countries are the friendliest, while Italy and Spainthe worst.
A. crude
B. harsh
C. brisk
D.stark
2. We’ve gotall the different companies working together and we have proved it works and iscommercially ______.
A.viable
B.practical
C.potential
D.feasible
3. A historycurriculum is often a ______ sign of how a nation and itselites see themselves as victims of colonialism or practitioners of imperial power.
A.marking
B.saying
C.telling
D.imposing
4. The ideaof traveling forward into the future or back into the past has always fascinatedscience fiction writers. The ‘grandfather ______’ is the argumentmany people use to suggest that time travel is impossible.
A.paradox
B.paradigm
C.paranoia
D.paraphia
5. The weatherwas now so severe, and the hardships of traveling so great, that he resolved tohalt for the winter, at the first ______ place.
A.reasonable
B.approximate
C.mandatory
D.eligible
6. In 18thcentury, sending kidnapped African people to certain death was not considered acrime because they were “goods”, to do with as the owne ______.
A.felt free
B.saw fit
C.took pick
D.set forth
7. Women on the whole will want to marry men who are either_______ themselves, or their superior, in socio-economic and intellectual attainment.
A.on a par with
B.up to par with
C.par for
D.par at
8. Rather than ______ money in such a dishonest way, he would beg inthe streets.
A.having got
B.get
C.getting
D.to get
9. We put a lot of hard work into local initiatives, and that’s reallystarting to ______ now.
A.pay off
B.pay out
C.pay up
D.pay back
10. Onlinecopyrights come at the top because of the powerful lobbying of music companies,______ faced with a rapidly eroding business model than as victims of crime.
A. having better describedas firms
B. which are describedto be firms
C. which are better describedas firms
D. described as firms tobe better
Section Two: Choose from A,B, C or D the one that identifies the stylistic problem with each of thefollowing sentences. Mark the correct choice on your ANSWER SHEET (10 points).
11. The vettold me he was fine. Because I had given him what he needed: milk and a warm blanket.
A. fragment
B. run on
C. correct
D. choppy
12. Who couldremember back that far back anyway except maybe Einstein or some memory genius butnot a poor teacher?
A. fragment
B. run on
C. comma splice
D. correct
13. The secondpart of the book, and the best part in my opinion, takes up the period of Revolution.
A. fragment
B. run on
C. comma splice
D. correct
14. The springwill continue to bounce. It will bounce at its natural frequency. It will do thisuntil all of the energy is used up. This is energy that was originally put intoit.
A. comma splice
B. run on
C. choppy
D. correct
15. Wind isan enduring source of power. Water is also an unlimited energy source. Dams producehydraulic power. They have existed for a long time. Windmills are relatively new.
A. run on
B. choppy
C. correct
D. fragment
16. She tookdance classes, but she had no natural grace or sense of rhythm, so she eventuallygave up the idea of becoming a dancer.
A. correct
B. run on
C. fragment
D. choppy
17. Henry Fordwanted to use the profits to expand the company’s factories this was an unusualidea at the time.
A. comma splice
B. fragment
C. run on
D. correct
18. We canall name slang expressions that have gone out of date, for instance, “right on”and “groovy” were popular in our parents’ generation.
A. comma splice
B. correct
C. choppy
D. run on
19. Since Ihad difficulty understanding the doctor’s language, but the nurse made my conditionmuch dearer to understand.
A. run on
B. choppy
C. correct
D. fragment
20. At theback of the classroom, Nina sat with her arms crossed, glaring at her teacher, Mr.Beane, her body language indicated that English was her least favorite subject.
A. fragment
B. run on
C. comma splice
D. correct
Section Three: Choose thecorrect headings for each of the following paragraphs marked with B to F. Writeyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET (5points).
List of Headings
i Canunhappy consumers vote “No”?
ii 　 Affluence doesnot free us from worries.
iii  One dropout, one vote—formulafor disaster
iv 　 A large populationdoes not fit in this hi-tech era.
v 　 What arethe long term consequences?
vi 　 The consumer activistsintervene as the Third-Party.
vii  Where does the motivationcome from?
viii  What is the price we pay?
ix 　 A horde of economicparasites poses the big problem.

Example　 Answer   Paragraph A　   ii

21 Paragraph B______
22 Paragraph C______
23 Paragraph D______
24 Paragraph E______
25 Paragraph F______
A In America today peoplework fewer hours, have more security and real wealth than ever before, and yet weare an unhappy people involved in much social dissent. We are frustrated over poverty,equal rights, changing social mores, campus revolt, pollution, and our environment.The things we worry about today were, of course, problems years ago, but we weretoo busy, too insecure, too poor to do much about them. Perhaps we should be thankfulfor the affluence that has made it possible for us to move these “old problems”upward on our scale of priorities. At the same time we should recognize that whileaffluence provides the means it does not necessarily provide the wisdom for instantlycoping with the complex social problems now concerning us.
B Until quite recently,we have been so busy growing in an industrial sense, and we have enjoyed thefruits of our labor so much, that we have had little time or resources to devoteto those broad social problems created by our rapidly advancing technology. No smallpart of this technological advance has been in agriculture. Those persons left inagriculture today are the economic survivors of the greatest mass migration in thehistory of man. Had there been no out-migration from agriculture over the past 35years, our present farm population would be 55 million rather than 10 million. Thissudden displacement includes many who have neither the capacity nor yen to learnand master a new profession—many who find it disagreeable to work by the clock andcalendar. Many of these are the technological dropouts who arc in trouble—who are both a burden and responsibilityof our modern society—who are a source of discontent in this time of affluence.
C Numbered among the dropoutsand other technological misfits are many of our youth who, supported by affluentparents, have not had to worry much about becoming productive citizens. Suddenlywe are aware of a large and growing group living on the leavings of a highly productivesociety. Earlier societies have had their leisure classes but never before in historyhas so large a proportion of a society been free of the worries of seeking the bareessentials of food, shelter, and clothing. The perplexing problem facing us is howto absorb these technological dropouts and make them productive.
D This growing horde of economicparasites takes on a very serious meaning in a one-member, one-vote democratic society.Still in the minority, their presence is largely manifested in social meddling—in contemplation about the welfareof their fellow man. One such movement we vaguely call consumerism, in which activistschampion issues which appear to be beneficial to consumers. The term implies protectionof the consumer, but the flood of proposals for ways and means of protecting theconsumer are not generally traceable to those seeking protection for themselves.To the contrary, the specific issues of consumerism are initiated by those who,for assorted reasons, seek to protect others from harm.
E The consumer activist obviouslyrange from selfish to unselfish, from dishonest to honest, from thoughtless to wellinformed. Whatever his motives, they contends that consumers should be protectedfrom physical and economic harm, that consumers should be informed and educatedin product knowledge, that consumers should have a choice in the market place, andfinally that consumers should have proper legal redress for wrongs. Such virtuousaims seem undebatable until one realizes that under consumerism they are subjectto third-party interpretation which may or may not be in the consumer interest.The third-party values can always be made to appear rational, and are often vigorouslysupported by the general public. As a result, innumerable laws, and regulationsare rapidly displacing the free decision of the individual in the market place,and the right of the consumer to choose increasingly becomes a mockery.
F Risk is inherent in everyconsumer purchase. The efforts of man to eliminate risk in the market place arepointless because the reduction of one kind of risk must always be accompanied bya compensating increase in another kind of risk. The cost of protection is deprivation.We can, if we desire, achieve a high degree of auto safety by reducing speed; butsociety rejects the sacrifice and instead, with the safety belt, accepts a lowersafety level requiring less sacrifice.
Part II ReadingComprehension (30%)
Choose the best answer for eachquestion based on the passages. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage 1
Even if the US’s massivefinancial rescue operation succeeds, it should be followed by something even morefar-reaching—the establishment of a Global Monetary Authority to oversee marketsthat have become borderless.
Washington recognizes that the crisis has becomeglobal. Hank Paulson, Treasury secretary, has said that foreign banks operatingin the USwill be eligible for federal assistance and he is urging other nations to fashiontheir own bail-out programs. Central banks have also been synchronizing injectionsof funds into markets. These should be steps to a more comprehensive internationalresponse designed not just to extinguish the current fires, but to rebuild and maintainthe capital markets for the longer term.
The current global institutionalapparatus is woefully incapable of overseeing the financial system that is evolving.The International Monetary Fund is irrelevant to this crisis, the Group of Sevenleading industrial countries lacks legitimacy in a world where China, Brazil and others are big players, andthe Bank for International Settlement has no operational role. The US Federal Reserveis too besieged to act as a global central bank. That vacuum at the centre is dangerousfor everyone. The US’s dependence on massive inflows of foreign capital, roughly$3bn (