英语语言学基础知识及写作(只占80分，汉语写作80分)
一． Multiple choice(10points)
1. Which of the following does not belong to the branch of phonetics?
A. acoustic phonetics
B. auditory phonetics
C. articulatory phonetics
D. learning phonetics
2. The word “partner reduction” is an example of______ in the word formation or use.
A. acronym
B. blending
C. euphemism
D. back formation
3. _____is the study of how language works in social interaction.
A. Sociolinguistics
B. Psycholinguistics
C. Cognitive linguistics
D. Neurolinguistics
4. The relationship between “tulip/flower” is_____.
A. Relational opposites
B. Complementary
C. Gradable opposites
D. Hyponymy
5. _____is the study of the linguistic meaning of words and sentences.
A. Semantics
B. Pragmatics
C. Syntax
D. Morphology
6._____is one of the main features of interlanguage.
A. Fossilization
B. Utilization
C. Assimilation
D. Deletion
7.Compared with “nurture” position,” nature” position advocates that human beings are innately equipped with ______in the process of second language acquisition.
A. Comprehensible input
B. Language acquisition.
C. Competence
D. Language transfer
8.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations form_______.
A.minimal set
B.minimal pairs
C.phonemic contrast
D.complementary distribution
9.The relationship between a speech sound and the meaning it represents is______.
A.natural
B.arbitrary
C.familiar
D.non- arbitrary
10.“Received Pronunciation”（RP）exemplifie______.
A.sociolect
B.regional dialect
C.ethnic dialect
D.idiolect
二 Define the following terms(30points)
1.synchronic study and diachronic study
2.linguistic imperialism and cultural imperialism
3.instrumental motivation and intergrative motivation
4.phonetics and phonology
5.linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity
三．Decide whether the statements are true or false (10points)
1.Standard dialect is a particular variety of a language which any member of a speech community can possibly use regardless of his/her social and geographical backgrounds, his/her gender and age.
2.Closed class words are the content words of a language.
3.Speakers of all language are capable of producing and comprehending an infinite set of sentences.
4.Contextualism attempts to define the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the speaker”
5.Ogden&Richard’s semantic triangle exemplified contextualism.
6.Language is culturally transmitted.
7.Interlangusge is second language.
8.X bar theory emphasizes the head-centered characteristics of phrase structure rules.
9.When the notion of texture was taken into consideration, semantics spilled over into pragmatics.
10.Prescriptive grammar refers to grammarians’ attempt to legislate what speakers’ grammatical rules should be, rather than what they are.
四.Answer the following questions (30points)
1.Draw a tree diagram for the following sentence to show its syntactic structure: He believes that she loves that cat.
2.Summarize the individual differences in second language acquisition.
3.Specify the six sense relations between sentences.
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