北京航空航天大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语历年考研真题及详解

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2013年北京航空航天大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2012年北京航空航天大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2011年北京航空航天大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2010年北京航空航天大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
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2013年北京航空航天大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
Part I Vocabulary (30%)
Directions: There are 30incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choicesmarked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.
1. A ______ examination is one which is in preparation forsomething.
A. predominant
B. premature
C. preferable
D. preliminary
2. Nazism and Fascism were ______ to be thrown into the dump ofhistory.
A. deposited
B. doomed
C. damned
D. deserved
3. Every month ￥3 is ______ from oursalary for house repairing payment.
A. excluded
B. expelled
C. compelled
D. docked
4. The mayor was asked to ______ his speech in order to allow hisaudience to raise questions.
A. constrain
B. conduct
C. condense
D. converge
5.Although most dreams apparently happen ______, dream activity may be provokedby external influences.
A. spontaneously
B. simultaneously
C. homogeneously
D. instantaneously
6.Your story about the frog turning into a prince is ______ nonsense.
A. shear
B. sheer
C. shield
D. sheet
7. It willbe safer to walk the streets because people will not need to carry large amountsof cash; virtually all financial ______ will be conducted by computer.
A.transmissions
B.transitions
C.transactions
D. transformations
8. The______ of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physicalaspect in the life style of the people.
A.implementation
B.expedition
C.demonstration
D. manifestation
9.All visitors are requested to ______ with the regulations.
A. comply
B. agree
C. assist
D. consent
10.The captain ______ the horizon for approaching ships.
A. scanned
B. scrutinized
C. explored
D. swept
11. Thevast majority of people in any given culture will ______to the established standardsof that culture.
A. confine
B. conform
C. confront
D. confirm
12. If you want this pain-killer, you’ll have to ask the doctorfor a ______.
A. receipt
B. recipe
C. subscription
D. prescription
13. Hisbody temperature has been ______ for 3 days, the highest point reaching 40.5 degreecentigrade.
A. uncommon
B. disordered
C. abnormal
D. extraordinary
14.Movie directors use music to ______ the action on the screen.
A. contaminate
B. compliment
C. contemplate
D. complement
15. Some children display an ______ curiosity about every newthing they encounter.
A. incredible
B. infectious
C. incompatible
D. inaccessible
16. If you ______ the bottle and cigarettes, you’ll be muchhealthier.
A. take off
B. keep off
C. get off
D. set off
17.Sometimes patients suffering from severe pain can be helped by “drugs” that aren’treally drugs at all ______ sugar pills that contain no active chemicalelements.
A. or rather
B. rather than
C. but rather
D. other than
18.David likes country life and has decided to ______ farming.
A. go back on
B. go in for
C. go through with
D. go along with
19.Jack was about to announce our plan but I ______.
A. cut him short
B. turned him out
C. gave him up
D. put him through
20. Fewer and fewer of today’s workers expect to spend theirworking lives in the same field, ______ the same company.
A. all else
B. much worse
C. let alone
D. less likely
21. Acomplete investigation into the causes of the accident should lead to improved standardsand should ______ new operating procedures.
A. result in
B. match with
C. subject to
D. proceed with
22. Many of the scientists and engineers are judged ______ howgreat their achievements are.
A. in spite of
B. in ways of
C. in favor of
D. in terms of
23. It is only when you nearly lose someone ______ fully consciousof how much you value him.
A. do you become
B. then you become
C. that you become
D. have you become
24. It’s no good ______ him. He is always indifferent towardsothers’ matters.
A. to turn to
B. turning to
C. turn to
D. turned to
25．______ for a long time, the fields are all dried up.
A. There has been norain
B. Having no rain
C. There having beenno rain
D. There being no rain
26. Yourexamination results were quite satisfactory, but ______ if you had spent lesstime in playing football?
A. wouldn’t they havebeen better
B. wouldn’t they bebetter
C. won’t they havebeen better
D. won’t they bebetter
27. Why was the suggestion that she ______ to our party rejectedthe day before yesterday?
A. be invited
B. to be invited
C. being invited
D. has been invited
28．______ the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out.
A. He had no sooneropened
B. Hardly had heopened
C. Scarcely did heopened
D. No sooner did heopen
29. ______on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinitepeace.
A. If walking
B. Walking
C. While walking
D. When one is walking
30. We will visit Huangshan next year ______ we have enough money.
A. lest
B. until
C. unless
D. provided
Part II ReadingComprehension (40%)
Section A:
Directions:There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followedby some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark thecorresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.(30%)
Passage One
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
At the end of thenineteenth century, a rising interest in Native American customs and anincreasing desire to understand Native American culture prompted ethnologiststo begin recording the life stores of Native American. Ethnologists had adistinct reason for wanting to hear the stories: they were after linguistic oranthropological data that would supplement their own field observations, andthey believed that the personal stories, even of a single individual, couldincrease their understanding of the cultures that they had been observing fromwithout. In addition many ethnologists at the turn of the century believed thatNative American manners and customs were rapidly disappearing, and that it wasimportant to preserve for posterity as much information as could be adequatelyrecorded before the cultures disappeared forever.
There were, however,arguments against this method as a way of acquiring accurate and complete information.Franz Boas, for example, described autobiographies as being “of limited value,and useful chiefly for the study of the perversion of truth by memory,” whilePaul Radin contended that investigators rarely spent enough time with thetribes they were observing, and inevitably derived results too tinged by theinvestigator’s own emotional tone to be reliable.
Even more importantly,as these life stories moved from the traditional oral mode to recorded writtenform, much was inevitably lost. Editors often decided what elements weresignificant to the field research on a given tribe. Native Americans recognizedthat the essence of their lives could not be communicated in English and thatevents that they thought significant were often deemed unimportant by theirinterviewers. Indeed, the very act of telling their stories could force NativeAmerican narrators to distort their cultures, as taboos had to be broken tospeak the names of dead relatives crucial to their family stories.
Despite all of this,autobiography remains a useful tool for ethnological research: such personalreminiscences and impressions, incomplete as they may be, are likely to throwmore light on the working of the mind and emotions than any amount ofspeculation from an ethnologist or ethnological theorist from another culture.
31. Whichof the following is most similar to the actions of nineteenth-century ethnologistsin their editing of the life stories of Native Americans?
A. A politician fails to mentionin a campaign speech the similarities in the positions held by her opponent forpolitical office and by herself.
B. A stockbroker refuses todivulge the source of her information on the possible future increase in astock’s value.
C. A sports announcer describesthe action in a team sport with which he is unfamiliar.
D. A chef purposely excludes thespecial ingredient from the recipe of his prizewinning dessert.
32 According to the passage, collecting life stories can be auseful methodology because ______.
A. life stories provide deeperinsights into a culture than the hypothesizing of academies who are not membersof that culture
B. life stores can be collectedeasily and they are not subject to invalid interpretations
C. ethnologists have a limitednumber of research methods from which to choose
D. the collection of life storiesdoes not require a culturally knowledgeable investigator
33.Information in the passage suggests that which of the following may be apossible way to eliminate bias in the editing of life stories?
A. Basing all inferences madeabout the culture on an ethnological theory
B. Eliminating all of the emotion-ladeninformation reported by the informant
C. Translating the informant’swords into the researcher’s language
D. Reporting all of theinformation that the informant provides regardless of the investigator’spersonal opinion about its intrinsic value
34. Theprimary purpose of the passage as a whole is to ______.
A. question an explanation
B. correct a misconception
C. critique a methodology
D. clarify an ambiguity
35. Thepassage mentions which of the following as a factor that can affect the accuracyof ethnologists’ transcriptions of life stories?
A. The informants’ socialstanding within the culture
B. The inclusiveness of thetheory that provided the basis for the research
C. The length of time theresearchers spent in the culture under study
D. The number of life storiescollected by the researchers
Passage Two
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
Radiation occurs fromthree natural sources: radioactive material in the environment, such as insoil, rock, or building materials; cosmic rays; and substances in the humanbody, such as radioactive potassium in bone and radioactive carbon in tissues.These natural sources account for an exposure of about 100 millions a year forthe average American.
The largest singlesource of man-made radiation is medical X rays, yet most scientists agree thathazards from this source are not as great as those from weapons test fallout,since strontium 90 and carbon 14 become incorporated into the body, hencedelivering radiation for an entire lifetime. The issue is, however, by no meansuncontroversial. The last two decades have witnessed intensified examinationand dispute about the effects of low-level radiation, beginning with the UnitedNations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, which reportedin 1958 that “even the smallest amounts of radiation are likely to causedeleterious genetic and perhaps also somatic effects.”
A survey conducted in Britainconfirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering fromarthritis of the spine who had been treated with X rays contracted cancer.Another study revealed a high incidence of childhood cancer in cases where themother had been given prenatal pelvic X rays. These studies have pointed to theneed to reexamine the assumption that exposure to low-linear energy transferpresents only a minor risk.
Recently, examinationof the death certificates of former employees of a West Coast plant thatproduces plutonium for nuclear weapons revealed markedly higher rates for cancersof the pancreas, lung, bone marrow, and lymphatic system than would have beenexpected in a normal population.
While the NationalAcademy of Sciences committee attributes this difference to chemical or otherenvironmental causes rather than radiation, other scientists maintain that anyradiation exposure, no matter how small, leads to an increase in cancer risk.It is believed by some that a dose of one rem, if sustained over manygenerations, would lead to an increase of 1 percent in the number of seriousgenetic defects at birth, a possible increase of 1,000 disorders per millionbirths.
In the meantime,regulatory efforts have been disorganized, fragmented, inconsistent, andcharacterized by internecine strife and bureaucratic delays. A Senate reportconcluded that coordination of regulation among involved departments andagencies was not possible because of jurisdictional disputes and confusion. Onefederal agency has been unsuccessful in its efforts to obtain sufficientfunding and manpower for the enforcement of existing radiation laws, and thechairperson of a panel especially created to develop a coordinated federalprogram has resigned.
36.The primary purpose of the passage is to ______.
A. explain the difference betweennatural and man-made radiation
B. arouse concern about the risksconnected with exposure to radiation
C. publicize the results of British medicalsurvey
D. advocate limiting the use ofatomic weapons testing, since the fallout is extremely hazardous
37. Which of the following, according to the passage, is a list ofthree natural sources of radiation?
A. Radioactive potassium in bone,strontium 90, uranium ore
B. Carbon 14 in tissues, cosmic rays, X rays
C. Cosmic rays, radioactivepotassium in bones, radioactive carbon in tissues
D. X rays, carbon 14, plutonium
38. Whichof the following does the author cite in support of the quotation from the UnitedNations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation?
I. Strontium90 and carbon 14 become incorporated into the body and deliver radiation for anentire lifetime.
II. Anabnormally high percentage of patients with arthritis of the spine who weretreated with X rays subsequently contracted cancer.
III. Ahigh incidence of cancer appeared among children of mothers who had been givenprenatal pelvic X rays.
A. I only
B. I, II, and III
C. I and II only
D. II and III only
39.According to the passage, some scientists believe that a dose of one rem of radiationcontinued over a period of generations would ______.
A. raise the strontium 90 levelsin the body but otherwise have little effect
B. relieve the acute suffering ofthose afflicted with arthritis of the spine without side effects
C. have the effect of increasingby 1 percent the cases of serious genetic defects
D. cause an additional 1,000 permillion cases of cancer of the bone marrow or lymphatic system
40. It canbe inferred from the last paragraph of the passage that the chairperson who resignedfrom the panel to develop a coordinated federal program for radiation regulationmost likely did so because ______.
A. he or she disagreed with thefindings of the Senate committee
B. regulatory efforts have beenbalked by disputes, confusion, and bureaucratic delays
C. he or she supported theposition of the National Academy of Sciences committee and opposed regulationof radiation exposure
D. he or she was disorganized andinconsistent in chairing the panel
Passage Three
Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage.
The age at which youngchildren begin to make moral discriminations about harmful actions committedagainst themselves or others has been the focus of recent research into themoral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists supportedpioneer developmentalist Jean Piaget in his hypothesis that because of theirimmaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions ofa person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assignpunishment for transgressions on the basis of the magnitude of the negativeconsequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupythe first stage of moral development, which is characterized by moralabsolutism (rules made by authorities must be obeyed) and imminentjustice (if rules are broken, punishment will be meted out). Until youngchildren mature, their moral judgments are based entirely on the effect ratherthan the cause of a transgression. However, in recent research, Keasey foundthat six-year-old children not only distinguish between accidental andintentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier, regardless ofthe amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to indicate that children,at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second stage of moraldevelopment, moral autonomy, in which they accept social rules but viewthem as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage.
Keasey’s researchraises two key questions for developmental psychologists about children underage seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions, and do theymake distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those acts thathave unforeseen harmful consequences? Studies indicate that justificationsexcusing harmful actions might include public duty, self-defense, andprovocation. For example, Nesdale and Rule concluded that children were capableof considering whether or not an aggressor’s action was justified by publicduty: five year olds reacted very differently to "Bonnie wrecks Ann’spretend house" depending on whether Bonnie did it “so somebody won’t fallover it” or because Bonnie wanted “to make Ann feel bad.” Thus, a child of fivebegins to understand that certain harmful actions, though intentional, can bejustified; the constraints of moral absolutism no longer solely guide theirjudgments.
Psychologists havedetermined that during kindergarten children learn to make subtle distinctionsinvolving harm. Darley observed that among acts involving unintentional harm,six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not differentiatebetween foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable harm forwhich the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however, Darleyfound that these same children could make both distinctions, thus demonstratingthat they had become morally autonomous.
41.Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?
A. An outline forfuture research
B. An expandeddefinition of commonly misunderstood terms
C. A confirmation ofan established authority’s theory
D. A discussion ofresearch findings in an ongoing inquiry
42.According to the passage, Piaget and Keasey would not have agreed on which of thefollowing points?
A. The kinds ofexcuses children give for harmful acts they commit
B. The age at whichchildren begin to discriminate between intentional and unintentional harm
C. The intentionschildren have in perpetrating harm
D. The circumstancesunder which children punish harmful acts
43. It canbe inferred that the underlined term “public duty” in the context of the passagemeans which of the following?
A. The necessity toapprehend perpetrators.
B. A justification forpunishing transgressions
C. An obligation toprevent harm to another
D. The assignment ofpunishment for harmful action
44.According to the passage, Keasey’s findings support which of the following conclusionsabout six-year-old children?
A. They have theability to make autonomous moral judgments.
B. They regard moralabsolutism as a threat to their moral autonomy.
C. They do notunderstand the concept of public duty.
D. They make arbitrarymoral judgments.
45.According to the passage, the research of Nesdale and Rule suggests which ofthe following about five-year-old children?
A. Their reactions to intentionaland accidental harm determine the severity of the punishments they assign.
B. They, asperpetrators of harmful acts, disregard the feelings of the children they harm.
C. They take into account themotivations of actions when judging the behavior of other children.
D. They justify anyaction that protects them from harm.

Section B:
Directions:There is one passage in this part. The passage is followedby some questions. Please answer the questions briefly. (10%)
rDNA Technology
After thirty years ofinvestigation into cell genetics, researchers made startling discoveries in the1960s and early 1970s which culminated in the development of processes,collectively known as recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) technology, forthe active manipulation of a cell’s genetic code. The technology has createdexcitement and controversy because it involves altering DNA--which contains thebuilding blocks of the genetic code.
Using rDNA technology,scientists can transfer a portion of the DNA from one organism to a singleliving cell of another. The scientist chemically “snips” the DNA chain of thehost cell at a predetermined point and attaches another piece of DNA from adonor cell at that place, creating a completely new organism.
Proponents of rDNAresearch and development claim that it will allow scientists to find cures fordisease and to better understand how genetic information controls an organism’sdevelopment. They also see many other potentially practical benefits,especially in the pharmaceutical industry. Some corporations employing the newtechnology even claim that by the end of the century all major diseases will betreated with drugs derived from microorganisms created through rDNA technology.Pharmaceutical products already developed, but not yet marketed, indicate thatthese predictions may be realized.
Proponents also citenonmedical applications for this technology. Energy production and wastedisposal may benefit: genetically altered organisms could convert sewage andother organic material into methane fuel. Agriculture might also take advantageof rDNA technology to produce new varieties of crops that resist foul weather,pests, and the effects of poor soil.
A major concern of thecritics of rDNA research is that genetically altered microorganisms mightescape from the laboratory. Because these microorganisms are laboratorycreations that, in all probability, do not occur in nature, their interactionwith the natural world cannot be predicted with certainty. It is possible thatthey could cause previously unknown, perhaps incurable diseases. The effect ofgenetically altered microorganisms on the world’s microbiological predator-preyrelationships is another potentially serious problem pointed out by theopponents of rDNA research. Introducing a new species may disrupt or evendestroy the existing ecosystem. The collapse of interdependent relationshipsamong species, extrapolated to its extreme, could eventually result in thedestruction of humanity.
Opponents of rDNAtechnology also cite ethical problems with it. For example, it gives scientiststhe power to instantly cross evolutionary and species boundaries that naturetook millennia to establish. The implications of such power would becomeparticularly profound if genetic engineers were to tinker with human genes, apractice that would bring us one step closer to Aldous Huxley’s grim vision inBrave New World of a totalitarian society that engineers human beings tofulfill specific roles.
Questions:
1. What is the author primarily concerned with doing in thepassage? (2%)
2.According to the passage, what are the potential benefits of rDNA technology? Pleasesum up briefly. (3%)
3. Whatare the major arguments of opponents of rDNA research and development? Pleasemake a brief summary. (3%)
4. In thelast sentence of the passage, the author makes reference to “a totalitarian societythat engineers human beings to fulfill specific roles”. What is his purpose bydoing that? (2%)
Part III Writing (30%)
Directions: Please write an essayof about 400 words on the following topic
What Qualifies a Good Translator?
参考答案及解析
Part I Vocabulary (30％)
1.D 句意：预备考试是为某种事情做准备的考试。preliminary预备的。predominant支配的，有力的。premature早产的；不成熟的。preferable更好的，更可取的。
2.B 句意：纳粹和法西斯主义是注定要被扫入历史的垃圾堆的。be doomed to是固定搭配，意思是“命定，注定（尤指遭厄运）”。deposit存款；寄存；预付。damn谴责；诅咒；毁掉；注定要失败（常用被动语态be damned，但不是be damned to do）。deserve的意思是“值得；活该”，常用主动语态：deserve to do。故选择B项。
3.D 句意：每月我们的工资都会被扣掉三元钱作为住房补贴。exclude排除；排斥。expel驱逐；开除。compel强迫；强使发生。dock从（工资）中扣除（一定数额）。
4.C 句意：大家请求市长压缩他的演讲，以便为听众提问留出足够的时间。condense精简；使浓缩。constrain强迫；监禁；抑制。conduct指挥；实施。converge聚集；汇合。
5.A 句意：尽管大部分梦都是无意识产生的，梦的行为也会受到外部因素的影响。spontaneously自发的，不由自主地，无意识地。simultaneously同时。homogeneously同样地。instantaneously即刻；突如其来地。
6.B 句意：你的青蛙变王子的故事完全是一派胡言。sheer绝对的；纯粹的。shear修剪。shield盾；防御；遮蔽。sheet纸张；覆盖。
7.C 句意：人们走在街上将会更安全，因为不用携带大量现金了，基本上所有的资金交易都由电脑来完成。transaction交易。transmission传输；传染。transition过渡；转变。transformation转换。
8.D 句意：文化现象的表现形式往往是人们生活方式上某些物质条件的合理结果。manifestation表现形式。implementation执行；落实。expedition远征；考察。demonstration证明；示威；（情感、情绪等的）表露。
9.A 句意：所有游客都被要求遵守规章制度。comply with 是固定搭配，意为“遵守”。agree with同意。assist with协助做某事。consent作动词“同意，赞成”时为不及物动词，后接介词to。
10.A 句意：船长仔细扫视海平面，寻找靠近的船。scan扫瞄，细看。scrutinize详细检查。explore探索；探测。sweep扫除。
11.B 句意：在任何一个特定文化下，绝大多数人都要遵循这个文化的既定准则。conformto是固定搭配，意为“遵从，使一致”。confine是及物动词，意为“限制；监禁”。confront是及物动词，意为“使面对；使遭遇”。confirm是及物动词，意为“确认”。
12.D 句意：如果你想要这个止疼片，你必须找医生开个药方。prescription药方。receipt收据。recipe食谱。subscription捐献；订阅；签署。
13.C 句意：他的体温连续三天不正常，最高点达40.5℃。abnormal反常的。uncommon不寻常的，罕见的。disordered混乱的；失调的。extraordinary非凡的。
14.D 句意：电影导演用音乐来配合荧幕上的动作。complement补充，使完整（完美）。contaminate污染，弄脏。compliment恭维，称赞。contemplate沉思；注视。
15.A 句意：一些孩子对他们遇到的每一件新鲜事都表现出令人难以置信的好奇心。incredible难以相信的，不可思议的。infectious传染性的，易传染的。incompatible不相容的；矛盾的。inaccessible难达到的；难接近的。
16.B 句意：如果你不再抽烟喝酒，你就会健康很多。keep off使不吃，不喝，不抽。take off起飞；脱下。get off下车。set off出发；引爆。
17.C 句意：有时候，遭受病痛折磨的病人可以用一种药物得到缓解，这种药物不是真正的药，而是不含有活性化学元素的糖药片。but rather在句中意为“而是”。其中but与前面not构成not…but……，rather意为“相反地”。B项rather than“胜于”。D项other than“除了”。故选择C项。
18.B 句意：David对喜欢乡村生活，他决定从事务农职业。go in for爱好；从事（某种职业、工作）。go back on违背；出卖。go through with把……完成，把……进行到底。go along with赞同；陪……一起去。
19.A 句意：Jack正要宣布我们的计划时，我打断了他。cut short缩短；制止；打断。turn out驱逐；结果是；关灯。give up放弃。put through使通过；给……接通电话；完成（工作、任务等）。
20.C 句意：现在的工作人员中，越来越少的人希望在同一个领域度过自己的一生，更别说在同一家公司了。let alone更不用说。all else其他一切。much worse更糟得多。less likely较小可能。
21.A 句意：对这次事故原因的彻底调查应该能帮助提高工作标准，改进执行程序。由句意可知，空处的词组与lead to意义相近。result in“导致，引起”符合题意。match with使……与……相匹配。subject to使服从于；使经受。proceed with继续进行；对付，处理。
22.D 句意：很多科学家和工程师都是根据他们的贡献大小来被评估的。interms of按照，根据；在……方面。in spite of尽管。in favor of有利于；支持，赞同。
23.C 句意：只有当你几乎要失去一个人的时候，你才会充分意识到你是多么在意他。本题考查强调句。It is + 被强调部分 + that +其他部分。故选择C项。
24.B 句意：向他求助是没用的。他对别人的事情总是漠不关心的。本题考查固定句型It’sno good doing…：做某事是没有意义的。故选择B项。
25.D 句意：由于长时间没有下雨，田野都干涸了。本题考查独立主格结构。根据题意，原句应是Because there have been no rain for long time, the fields are alldried up.由于题干中用逗号连接两个部分，且没有连词，所以前半部分变为独立主格结构：There having been no rain，故选择D项。
26.A 句意：你的考试成绩很令人满意，但是如果你少花点时间踢足球，难道成绩不会更好些吗？本题考查虚拟语气。虚拟部分与过去事实相反，应用过去完成时态：would have done. A项wouldn’t they have been better符合题意。故选择A项。
27.A 句意：为什么邀请她来参加派对的建议前天被否决了？本题考查suggest的用法。suggest做谓语动词时，常用suggest (that) sb. (should)do sth. 题干中，that后的部分是suggestion的同位语从句，故动词应用原形。故选择A项。
28.B 句意：他刚一开门，一阵狂风就把蜡烛吹灭了。本题考查英语中表示“一……就……”的结构。hardly/scarcely…when…和no sooner…than都可表示“一……就……”。但需要注意的是，由于hardly、scarcely、no sooner都含有否定意义，当它们位于句首时，主句的主语和谓语必须倒装。此外，在这些结构中，如果从句用一般过去时，那么主句应用过去完成时。故选择B项。
29.D 句意：当一个人走在晴朗的天空下，远离城市和人群时，山林会给他无限的祥和与安宁。本题考查非谓语动词。现在分词作非谓语动词时，其逻辑主语应与主句的主语保持一致。本题中，walk的逻辑主语是人，主句的主语是themountains，二者不一致，故不能采用非谓语形式。D项是状语从句，符合句法规则。故选择D项。
30.D 句意：如果有足够的钱，我们明年就去游览黄山。本题考查连词的用法。provided作连词时，有“假如，倘若”的意思。lest以免，唯恐。until直到……时；在……以前。unless除非。
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (40％)
SectionA
Passage One
31.C 由关键词editing定位文章第三段第二句话。联系上下文可知，当这些人生故事由传统的口语形式转化为书面形式时，一些东西会不可避免地丢失。主要是因为研究者们会根据课题需求来决定哪些重要，哪些次要。所以研究者们是对自己不熟悉的东西做了主观删减。C选项“一个体育解说员对自己不熟悉的运动进行解说”符合题意。ABD选项都是有意对所说内容有所保留。故选择C项。
32.A 由关键词useful定位在文章最后一段。自传仍然是文化人类学的一种有用的研究方法。尽管这些回忆与印象不完整，但它们比任何来自另一文化的人类学家所做的猜测更能展示意识与情感的运作形式。A项“传记故事比来自另一文化的人类学家所做的假设更能深入洞察当地文化”符合文意。故选择A项。
33.D 本题涉及到对传记故事的记录和编辑，定位在文章第二、三段。第二段最后一句话讲到，调查者们不可避免地根据自己的情感倾向得出结论，以致于影响到结论的可靠性。第三段提到调查者们经常根据课题的需要来决定口述者的哪些话是重要的，哪些是次要的，以致于所录文本丢失了很多内容。可知，消除这种记录障碍的途径是：不管调查者认为所录内容重要与否，都要一字不漏地记录下来。D项符合题意。故选择D项。
34.C 文章第一段大致介绍了文化人类学中考查自传的研究方法，二、三段指出该方法的不足之处，最后一段又指出该方法的可取之处。可知整篇文章旨在对该研究方法进行客观评价。故选择C项。
35.C 由关键词accuracy定位在文章第二段。有评论质疑该方法是一个获取准确的、完整的信息的方法。其中Paul Radin提到，研究者们很少在他们所研究的部落待上足够的时间。可见研究者们在他们所研究的文化地域待的时间也影响了他们记录的资料的准确度。C项符合题意。故选择C项。
Passage Two
36.B 本题考查文章主旨大意。文章首段列举了三种天然的辐射源。第二段用UNSC关于原子辐射的实验结果引出观点：即使是最微弱的辐射也可能导致毒性基因并产生躯体效应。接着第二、三段举出接受X光治疗的病人的患癌率、孕妇接受X光对孩子患癌的影响、核电工厂员工的患癌率三个例子来支持上述观点，第四段又重申观点，不管辐射多么小，都可能增加癌症的患病率。可见文章旨在唤起人们对核辐射的危险的注意。B项符合题意。故选择B项。
37.C 由一、二段可知，自然辐射源包括外界的放射性物质、宇宙射线以及人体的某些物质。X光线是人造放射线，不属于自然辐射源，排除BD。第二段说科学家们之所以认为X光线的危害比武器试验的放射性尘埃的危害小，是因为锶19（strontium 19）与碳14（carbon14）在人体相结合，从而在人体永久地放射。可见锶19（strontium 19）是由武器产生的人造放射线，排除A。只有C项属于自然放射源。故选择C项。
38.D 由关键词UNSC定位在文章第二段。在下文中，作者举出接受X光治疗的病人的患癌率、孕妇接受X光对孩子患癌的影响两个例子，来支持UNSC的结论：即使是最微弱的辐射也可能导致毒性基因并产生躯体效应。Ⅱ和Ⅲ符合题意。Ⅰ是解释为什么一些科学家认为X光线的危害比武器试验的放射性尘埃的危害小，而这一观点与UNSC的观点相左，所以Ⅰ不符合题意。故选择D项：Ⅱ和Ⅲ。
39.C 由关键词a dose of one rem of radiation定位在文章第五段第二句话。一个剂量的雷姆的辐射，如果持续几代人，也会使患遗传缺陷的婴儿的数量增加1%。C项符合题意。故选择C项。
40.B 文章最后一段讲到公民们督促政府加强监管，但是由于官方的拖延以及司法机关的怀疑，这种努力一直收效不佳，并举出两个事实作为例证：一个联邦机构争取财政支持的失败，以及旨在促进协调监管的陪审团的主席的辞职。所以，该主席辞职很可能是因为司法机关的怀疑和官方的拖延。故选择B项。
Passage Three
41.D 本题是概括题。文章首句话说到，孩子几岁开始能够对施于自己或他人的有害行为做出道德区分，是近年来关于儿童道德发展的研究的焦点问题。接下来的篇幅就开始介绍不同科学家在这个问题上做的不同研究，得出的不同结论。所以，这篇文章主要是对一项正在进行当中的调研的讨论。故选择D项。
42.B 文章第一段介绍了Piaget和Keasey的研究。Piaget认为儿童在七岁之前都处于道德发展的第一阶段，这时他们作道德判断，完全依据行为造成的影响，而不考虑行为的原因和动机。Keasey的研究则发现六岁的儿童就已经能够辨别意外伤害和故意伤害了。可知，Piaget和Keasey的分歧在于：儿童何时开始能够辨别行为的动机。故选择B项。
43.C 由关键词social duty定位在第二段第三句。Nesdale和Rule指出，儿童能够根据公德意识来判断侵害者的行为。接着举例解释到，如果一个孩子推翻了另一个孩子的假房子，五岁的孩子会考虑他是为了防止别人被绊倒，还是为了故意伤害另一个孩子，才要推翻假房子。可见，pubic duty指的是防止对别人造成伤害的责任心。故选择C项。
44.A 由第一段最后一句话可知，Keasey认为，六岁的孩子已经进入道德发展的第二个阶段：道德自主性阶段。在这个阶段，他们对社会规范的接受更加灵活，而不像第一阶段那样生搬硬套。也就是说，他们有了做出自主判断的能力。A项符合题意。D项由迷惑性，它是对第一段末句中“view them as more arbitrary”的误读。文中指的是儿童对规范的理解更加灵活，而不是D项所说“他们做出任意的道德判断”。故选择A项。
45.C 第二段介绍Nesdale和Rule的研究。文中举出“推房子”的例子，说明五岁的孩子会考虑侵害者的动机，并根据公德意识做出道德判断。可见五岁的孩子已经懂得将动机考虑在内。故选择C项。
Section B
1. summarizing the controversy surrounding rDNA researchand development.
（问题为：作者在这篇文章中主要涉及了什么。纵观全文，作者在一二段大致介绍了重组DNA的原理；三四段介绍该技术的潜在效益；五六段介绍了该技术的潜在危害。所以，作者在这篇文章中总结了重组DNA技术面临的争议。）
2. new biological knowledge；new methods of waste treatment;enhanced food production; increased energy production.
（题干要求概括出重组DNA技术的潜在效益，定位在第三、四段，提取关键词即可。）
3. ①These microorganisms couldcause previously unknown, perhaps incurable diseases;
②they may affect the world’s microbiological predator-prey relationships;
③they may bring social disaster for a totalitarian societymay come into being.
(题干要求概括重组DNA技术的潜在风险，定位在第五、六段，概括总结即可)
4. to illustrate the sociopolitical ramifications of applyinggenetic engineering to humans.
（文章最后一段首先指出，重组DNA技术可能带来伦理问题。随后举出例子，说明重组DNA技术如果用在人类身上，可能导致集权社会的产生，那样每个人的社会角色都会被固定下来。可见作者引用集权社会的例子的目的是说明重组DNA技术用在人类身上可能带来的社会政治灾难。）
Part III Writing (30%)
What Qualifies a Good Translator?
Translation is a highly skilled,rewarding and satisfying career which plays an important role in the exchangeof culture and development of language. Translators, accordingly, as the agentsfor transferring messages from one language to another, are required to havecomprehensive capacities including language proficiency, knowledge-acquiringcapabilities, and socio-cultural awareness, all of which are essential elementsfor the making of a good translator.
First of all, language proficiencyis the most fundamental among all the above for it’s the basic tool fortranslation. To be proficient in a language means notonly to master its grammar and vocabulary, but also to be familiar with theidiomatic expressions.For example, “a fish out of water” is a quite common phrase in English whichmeans “feel uncomfortable” rather than the literal denotation, so unawarenessof it may lead to embarrassing translation. Besides, languageproficiency also refers to one’s competence in the target language, whichenables the translator to create smooth expression instead of awkward literaltranslation.
Secondly, knowledge-acquiring capabilityis a must for a qualified translator. Since translationinvolves a variety of knowledge which is, to a great extent, interrelated and reciprocallyconnected, the translator is desirably something of an all-rounder., that is tosay, he or she should be as erudite as possible, knowing something abouteverything, and knowing how to find everything. Then, with good knowledge ofthe subject matter, the translator can be always confident in doing a good job.
Thirdly, socio-culturalawareness, a competency of a translator to identifydifferent customs, registers, cultural settings and speaking styles of bothlanguages, can improve the quality of the translation greatly. It’s noexaggeration to say that the social context in translating a text is probably amore important variable than its genre. Only by taking cultural differencesinto consideration can a translator preserve the underlying ideas and values ofthe source text. For example, a Chinese idiom is saying: the rice is alreadycooked, meaning it’s a done deal and nothing can be done to correct it. But toa native English speaker, it only conveys the literal meaning. Considering suchcultural bias, a good translator should interpret the idiom as “what’s donecannot be undone”.
To sum up, a good translator issupposed to be proficient in language, rich in knowledge and sensitive tocultural diversity. It is worth noting that somenon-intelligence factors matter as much as intelligence factors mentionedabove, such as commitment and practice. In a word, just like any other career,translation asks for efforts as well as talents, and a good translator is onewho possesses both of them.

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