读音 | 字母/字母组合 | 说明 | 例词 | 其他 |
| a | 在ge或te前非重读时 | advantage,delicate | forehead |
i | 在词首、非重读、重读音节、闭音节时 | ill,injure,indicate,inherit |
u,ui | 在重读音节中 | busy,build |
y | 与辅音字母构成词尾、非重读时 | country,beauty |
ay | 表示星期的单词中 | Monday | forehead |
a,e,ai,ee,ei, ey,ia,ie,ui,eo | 非重读音节中 | palace,comedy,captain,committee,foreigner,alley,carriage,handkerchief,circuit, pigeon |
[i:] | e | 开音节和重读音节中 | eve,female | key |
ea | 单音节和重读音节中 | lead, meaning |
ie | 闭音节和以不发音的e结尾的单词中 | grief,hygiene |
ee,ei | 重读音节中 | disagree,receive |
[?] | a,e,o,u,ai,ar,or,ur,ou,ure,iou | 非重读音节中 | guidance,grocery,isolate,minimum,certain, particular,humor,pursue,jealous,lecture,cautious | April, ocean |
er | 非重读音节和词尾中 | misunderstand ,mother |
ia ,ie | 在辅音字母t或c后,并在二者都发[?]时的非重读音节中 | special,initial,patient,sufficient |
io | 后接n构成词尾时 | conservation,comprehension |
[?:] | er,ir,ur,our | 在重读音节中 | adverb,birthbay,curtain,journal | |
or | 在w后 | framework,worthy |
ear | 在单音节中、在词首、动词的过去式中 | learn,earth,heard |
[?] | o,au,ou | 在重读音节中 | bottle,Austria, cough | knowledge |
a | 在音素[w]后 | wallet,quarrel |
[?:] | a | 在字母l前并且重读 | also,fall | |
au,aw,oa, our,ore,or | 在重读音节中 | autumn,awful,broadcast,courtyard, before,corner |
au,or | 在非重读音节中 | astronaut,corridor |
aw,oar,oor,ore,our | 在单音节中 | claw,board,floor,bored,source |
ar | 在音素[w]后 | quarter |
au,ou | 在字母ght前 | taught,sought |
| o | 字母w后 | woman | |
oo,u | 单音节和重读音节中, 非重读音节中 | woolen,cook,buffet,bull,careful,childhood |
[u:] | o | 字母wh后,字母v前 | whom,movie | |
u | 重读音节和非重读音节中 | conclusion,absolute |
ew,ou,oe,ui,ue | 单音节中 | crew,youth,shoe,juice,clue |
oo | 单音节或重读音节中 | boot,afternoon |
ou | 在字母gh前 | through |
[e] | a,e,ea | 单音节或重读音节中 | any,academic,belt,breast,deadline | says,said |
[?] | a | 单音节或重读音节中 | ban,comparative | |
[a:] | a | 在字母f、n、ph、sk、sp、ss、st或th前 | after,advance,paragraph,ask,grasp,classmate,fast,father | |
a | 字母lf、lm前 | behalf,palm |
a | 在非重读音节中 | garage,grandpa | are,heart |
ar | 在单音节、重读音节或复合词中,个别非重读音节中 | card,harvest, part-time,harmony |
au | 单音节或重读音节中 | aunt,laughter |
[?] | o | 在字母m、n、th或v前 | sometime,wonder, motherland,recover | |
u | 在单音节、重读音节、非重读音节或在字母n前为词首 | sum,uncle,thunderstorm , unfair |
oo | 在单音节中 | flood |
ou | 单音节、重读音节或在字母gh前 | touch,courage, tough |
| | | | | |
读音 | 字母/字母组合 | 说明 | 例词 | 其他 |
| b | 词首、词中或词尾 | biography,combine,club | |
[p] | p | 词首、词中或词尾 | page,campaign,tip | |
[d] | d | 词首、词中或词尾 | deadline,behind | |
[t] | t | 词首、词中或词尾 | term,criticize,planet | |
[g] | g | 词首、词中或词尾 | garlic,magazine,handbag | |
gg | 通常在词中 | baggage |
[h] | h | 在词首或词中时 | hook,inherit | |
wh | 在字母o前 | whole |
[k] | c | 在词首或词尾时 | cloth,alcoholic | |
c | 后跟元音字母a、o、u或辅音字母 | camp,bacon,cube,crowd |
cc | 后跟元音字母 | accurate |
k | 词首、词中或词尾 | kettle,worker,look |
ck | 在词中或词尾时 | chicken,check |
ch | 在词首或词中时 | chaos,architecture |
q | 后跟字母u时 | conquer |
[l] | l | 词首、词中或词尾 | leak,problem,tail | |
al | 在字母t或n后作词尾时 | conventional,hospital |
le | 在辅音后 | article,battle |
[r] | r | 在词首或词中时 | rabbit,oral | |
rr | 在词中时 | worry |
[f] | f,ph | 词首、词中或词尾 | funny,pacific,scarf,phase,orphan,triumph |
ff | 后跟元音字母、组合词或词尾 | differ,offshore,stuff |
gh | 在字母组合au或ou后 | laughter,rough |
[v] | v | 在词首或词中时 | victim,movie | |
[w] | w | 在词首或词中时 | world,nationwide |
[w] | wh | 在字母a、e、i或y前 | whale,wheal,white,why |
u | 在字母q后 | quilt |
| c | 以字母y或不发音的 字母e结尾 | emergency,force | |
c | 后跟字母i时 | cinema,civil |
s | 词首、词中或词尾 | select,resource,focus |
ss | 在词中或词尾时 | associate,business |
sc | 在字母e,i或ie前 | scenery,scissors,scientist |
[z] | z | 在词首或词中时 | zipper,magazine | |
zz | 在词中或词尾时 | puzzle,buzz |
s | 在不发音字母e前,在词尾in前,在词中或词尾时 | accuse,socialism,cousin,always |
ss | 在词中时 | scissors |
se | 在元音字母后 | choose |
[?] | t | 在字母组合ie、ial或ion前 | patient,partial,starvation |
c | 在字母组合ia、ie、 ion或ious前 | appreciate,ancient, suspicion,spacious |
ch | 在词首或词中时 | chef,machine |
s,ss | 在字母组合ion或ure前 | impression,extension,assure,sure |
sh | 词首、词中或词尾 | shade,workshop,astonish |
sc | 与字母组合iou构成词尾 | conscious |
[?] | s | 在字母组合ual或ure前 | unusual, treasure | |
[θ] | th | 词首、词中或词尾 | thief,author,death | |
[e] | th | 词首、词中或词尾,多数为连词、介词、冠词、代词、副词等 | though,another,booth | |
[m] | m | 词首、词中或词尾 | meet,September,seem | |
mm | 后跟元音字母 | communication |
[n] | n | 词首、词中或词尾 | nation,journal,mistaken | |
nn | 后跟元音字母 | personnel |
en,in,on | 作词尾 | seven,cousion,poison |
n | 在字母c、g、k、q或x前 | function,angle,bank,conquer,anxiety | |
[?] | ng | 作结尾或后跟字母组 合er、ing或ly时 | long,singer,singing,strongly | |
4.双辅音 字母 | 发音 | 说明 | 例词 |
-s | | 在p,t,k,f等清辅音后 | cups,hats,cakes,roofs,thinks,stops,Mike's |
以th收尾的词,且th在短元音、辅音和字母r后 | breaths ,months,lengths,births |
浊辅音和元音后 | bags,workers,sings,reads,Tom’s |
以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词,词尾直接加-s | days,keys |
[z] | 少数以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词,直接加-s | photos,pianos |
以th收尾的词,且th在长元音、双元音后,加词尾s | paths,mouths |
[iz] | 以不发音字母“e”结尾的开音节词,如果尾音是,[z]时 | closes,increases,influences |
-es | [z] | 以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i再加-es | baby-babies,factory-factories,city-cities,study-studies,worry -worries |
以o结尾的名词,如词尾为“辅音字母+o”,多数加-es | potatoes,heroes,goes |
[iz] | 以ee,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾 | licenses,bridges,faces,rises,George's |
以s,sh,ch,x,z等结尾的词加-es | buses,watches,quizzes |
[vz] | 以f或fe结尾的词,把f或fe变成v,再加-es | wolf-wolves,life-lives, thief-thieves |