12.27作文（罗勇）
1、包装
①书写、习惯
②格式（如书信右上角的时间）、结构（两头小、中间大、字数分配50-80-50）
↗长句↖
③选词造句→短句←交错使用（15句，1/3写长句，30字左右，长句后接一两句短句过渡）
↘难句：强调句（最好使）
2、货真价实
↗情景文字
①不要跑题（跑题则一半分数以下），审题（三维）→提纲
↘图或表上的信息
②内容衔接（思维跨度不要太大）→总述和概述
↘注意句子完整
③方法多样性
一、大作文
（一）描绘：描述性语言、可加议论性观点
（二）议述：作者意图、个人评价
（三）总结（好的：预期一下未来；坏的：采取措施防治）/ 例证
具体讲：
（一） 描绘：总体背景介绍+细节刻画图或表上的信息
1、背景介绍
例一：人类克隆（试管婴儿 / 一个老婆四个一模一样的老公，“谁才是真的？”）
The problem of the use of genetic technologies on human being has [caused/aroused public concern]/[loomed up/cropped up as a burning/challenging topic].
例二：中国青少年犯罪比率上升（表）
In the recent years, China experienced/witnessed/was plagued with an alarming increase in juvenile delinquency.
例三：人和社会的发展与环境的协调（寓意图、对比图）
Currently, the topic/phenomenon of environment versus development has been in the limelight. Nowhere is the clash more evident/visible than in China, where the largest population confronts deforestation, pollution and acid rain on a range scale.
2、细节描绘
例：04年作文题
The (a set of) cartoon depicts a vivid scene in which an athlete dripping sweat is rushing to the end. Unquestionably/Undoubtedly/Beyond doubt, he wins the game but it is not the key message conveyed/implied/delivered by the picture. Apparently/Basically, the striking feature is that there is a line marked as both “the start” and “the end”, which means after the player came to the finishing-line, a new race is waiting to him.
另：对于图表描述不光要用上升下降等词，还要使用比较句型结构。
compare with/to
…as much as that…
more than, less than
by 2000, [the number reach the peak/bottom]/[the largest number appeared].
（二） 议述
引言句+分论点、事实信息罗列
如：As a matter of fact, the purpose of the drawer/drawing is to make us [pay high/more attention to…]/[rethink/have a fresh look at…].
例一：兼职part-time job
brainstorming
I. Advantages:
↗pocket money
①make money →follow interest
↘tuition fees
↗on one’s own
↗life→make friends
②experience ↘custom, culture
↘work→lay a solid foundation for future career
↘be familiar with new fields
II. Disadvantages:
①money: be so young that they are bound to be cheated/be induced to do…
②experience→science and technology accelerate/speed up → invalid
↘hurt/injury/do harm to/endanger
III. what should we do?
①a second language
②computer operation and application
③后果degrade one’s academic performance
完整表述：
Acquiring knowledge at school without practical work experience is like working on one leg. Occasionally, although a student could attain some experience, nevertheless/yet such experience too frequently is [valid or even harmful]/[a bane rather than a boon]. That is to say, its demerits outweigh merits. Why? This is natural and necessary. Not only may the acceleration of science and technology bring about new tools/skills with each passing day, but also our work circumstances will change as the society develops. The fact that college students must get a good command of a second language as well as master the operation and application of computer requires them not to do part-time job. If they take part-time job, their energy and time will not be enough and their academic will degrade.
12.28作文
例二：出国留学
brainstorming
↗ dream of (doing)
原因（好处）→ the mere way to achieve success
↘ curricula arrangement, teaching method
↓why?/how?/which channel?
good learning condition
↓what?
up-to-date teaching equipment
first-class research facilities
world famous professors
坏处：money → tuition fees 而在国内don’t worry about
↘ living expense
communication: language and cultural barrier 而在国内parent’s care and support facilitate
例三：盗版问题（最新光盘，四元一张；港台歌曲，十元三盒；流行书刊，一律二折）
（乾坤大挪移）Nowadays, the problem of piracy has been in the limelight. According to the cartoon we could find that books, VCDs, tapes and other high-tech products have been copied. When a new product enters into the market, we are bound to discover that its pirated counterpart will soon swarm/flood into the same market. Never in the nation’s history has the problem of piracy been more severe than now.
There is no denying that pirated commodities has not only resulted in a great loss to producer /manufacturers, inventors and writers, but also disturb/have a confusion in the market. Why? In that the pirated goods often cost less than the original ones, they enjoy a pretty good selling in spite of their shoddy quality. The genuine ones, however/by contrast, sell poorly. A current investigation/study/ report/survey/poll indicates/manifests/reveals that consumers spend approximately ￥20 billion on the pirated counterparts instead of the genuine ones annually. In addition, such pirated product, especially books, will do harm to/endanger the producers’ reputation due to too many misprinting.
（三） 结论
另：养宠物话题
With the quickening pace of modern life and fierce competition in the society, many people feel a sense of loneliness, not only because of the lack of normal communication in the family but also since absence of intercourse among the neighborhood. Cats and dogs or other pets will fill your void.
1、 总结性发言
例：养宠物
[Taking into account all the factors]/[which has been discussed above], we can safely come to a conclusion that keep-pets has both positive and negative influences. What we must do is to make sure that not only are its benefits encouraged and developed/retained but also we have to strive to/attempt to/endeavor to eliminate its unfavorable impacts.
2、 号召与后果
例：腐败现象
It is time that our government/authority should speak out against corruption and take firm/strong/stern action to punish him whoever takes bribes and embezzles funds. For the official corruption [if permitted to continue]/[If let this situation go as it is] will tarnish the government’s popularity/image and may lead to ultimate/terminate downfall.
3、 具体的建议
例：学生吸烟比率上升
In any case, we ought to do more than talk about the rise in student smoking. Our high schools and colleges must bring in some cancer experts/specialists/researchers who run films/slides for students, showing the dreadful consequence caused by cigarette smoking. We can also arrange/schedule visits to hospital wards for lung cancer patients. In short, we should take student smoking seriously.
12.29作文
二、应用文
书信
↗①语气 / 措辞客气
公务信件→②格式：开头（写明目的）、结尾（期待回音）
↘③词汇 / 语法（言简意赅，长句最多25个字）
另：无论是大作文还是小作文，都不用些标题，如果想写则须注意以下问题：
①实词大写；②字母长度大于等于4个的虚词大写；③第一个单词的位置，不论实词还是虚词都要大写；④动词短语不做标题
补充：1、投诉信（换宿舍）
Dec.29th, 2004
Dear Sir or Madam/To whom it may concern/Dear Mr. Dean Zhang,
I’m writing to inform you that I wish to moving to a new room next term. I prefer a single room, as I rind the present sharing arrangement inconvenient.
I must explain that the reason for dissatisfaction is my roommate’s inconsiderate behavior. For one thing, his friends constantly visit him; for another, he regularly holds noisy parties. In addition, he too often borrows my private things without my permission. Consequently, I find it difficult for me to concentrate on my studies.
I’m sure that you will agree that I must move into a room of my own, where I would be far from such distraction. I would be grateful if you would take my requirement into consideration, as well as provide me with a room, preferably not in the same building but as near to college campus as possible.
Yours faithfully
XXX
2、感谢信（感谢车祸中及时救助你的人）
I’m writing to express my heartful gratitude. I’m referring to the unfortunate crash, when I was knocked off my bike by a taxi. But for your timely taking first aid and sending me to a nearby hospital, I fear that the consequence might have been much more serious.
The doctor says that my broken leg is healing well, and cuts and bruises will soon be completely better, what’s more, the taxi company agreed to pay my hospital bills. Everyone holds that it is your quick-witted action in the emergency that has led to satisfactory outcome.
Although many people talk about the need to be unselfish and to ready to help others, we see few people practicing what they preach. You showed by your selfless action that you are an exception. If there are more people like you, the world would be a much nicer one.
3、求购 / 预定信（为朋友庆祝生日）
I’m preparing a birthday party for a friend, and writing o inquire if you restaurant could offer private rooms with catering service. If so, I want to reserve one room for next Friday (oct.16th) from 5 p.m. to 9 p.m.
The room should be big enough to accommodate more than 50 people comfortably. And the party will be hold in a cocktail style; therefore a majority of us will be standing up for most of the time. So ten chairs are needed in the room. If there isn’t a bar, a drinks table should be set up. For entertainment, Karaoke of Disk jockey may be acceptable.
Will you please contact me in two days? You can reach at 13820XXXXXX in the daytime and at 2737XXXX in the night. Thanks for you consideration once more.
12.30翻译（高翼）
一、真题回顾
预测热点：1、战争与和平，反恐
2、资源、能源、环境保护
3、信息及网络技术
4、纳米技术
5、生命科学
二、难度分析
05年难度要比04年难一些
94 99 01 04 05
三、词汇
1、生词
①构词法
例：95年（72）validate（valid有效的）；（75）underprivileged（privilege特权）
97年（72）entitlement（entitle使有权利）；（73）astrophysicists（astro-天体，宇宙，astrology占星术）
00年（71）centralized（central主要的，中心的）；（74）industrialized（industrial工业的）
②结合上下文（对称位置的单词、词组可做同义推理）
例：94年（71）not so much A as B（另through，because of）
95年（74）qualities品质（可数）
98年（73）balloon-borne球载
99年（75）view as视作（同义see as，regard as）
③跳过不译
2、一词多译
①结合上下文判断
例：94年第一句school学派
98年（72）clouds宇宙云
99年（73）transfer改变，转变
00年（75）migration人口迁徙，人口流动（不能译作移民，移民是带政治色彩的）
②结合搭配对象
例：95年（75）gross明显的（如果知道“总的”是不正确的，而又不知道应该是什么意思，可跳过不译）
96年（72）establishment机构（74）elegant完美的，对应（75）elegance
97年（73）extend给予，提供
③从逻辑性上判断
例：94年（74）heaven天空，太空
99年（71）recreated重现
④词性
例：to better（v. 改善）the condition of the workers
we have no time to deliberate（v.思考，考虑）on the issue
3、代词
注意代词的形容词用法与指示代词的区别
例：this（指示性形容词，这个）bag
This（指示代词，这）is mine
97年（75）that人们对动物的同情心（注意：当多个代词指定同一内容时，只需译一个）
01年（71）当指代混乱时，要指明所指代内容（注意：如果指代的内容在上下文中不好找，则直接译为这，那，它，它们等）
4、单复数问题
例：98（71）scientists科学家们
四、句子
1、时态
①将来时，“将”安体现
例：01年（71）
②完成时，“了”字体现
例：01年（72）
③进行时，“正在”体现
例：00年（73）
2、语态，译时可将被动形式变为主动形式
例：96年（73）；99年（73）；97年（73）
如果主语无法补充，而又不能译成被动形式，则需意译
例：95年（72）be regarded…译为“……所必不可少的”
00年（72)be bound up with…本意为“与……捆绑”，此处译为“与……紧密相关”（73）be exposed to…本意为“被置于……下”，此处译为“接触到……”
五、特殊句型与结构
1、more…than…
①beyond超越
例：Her beauty is more than words can describe.
②与其……不如……，more后是“不如”than后是“与其”
例：His works seem more likely a collection of separate scenes than a novel.
2、little/no more than仅仅
例：Of him little is known more than he’s a doctor.
3、nothing else than/but=nothing but只不过是；完全是
例：①What the man said was nothing else but nonsense. “完全是”
②I have done nothing else than finishing my tasks. “只不过是”
4、rather than否定后者肯定前者
例：①He was reading newspaper rather than writing letters.
②He rather than you should be responsible for the loss.
5、not so much A as B与not A but B不同，前者AB均可取，但强调B，后者表不取A取B
6、not possibly表完完全全、根本地否定，“根本不”的意思
例：Their views couldn’t possibly be misunderstood.
7、not…nearly as much as远远不如
例：The earth does not pull the cat to it nearly as much as it pulls a big rock.
8、to say nothing of=not to speak of=not to mention表加
例：①She takes singing and dancing lesson, not to speak of swimming.
②At that moment, he could not afford food, not to speak of luxuries.
9、all but后加形容词则表almost；后加名词则表all except
例：①Failure, for them, become all but impossible.
②All but little children thought the trip was exciting.
10、other than除掉，不同于
例：Reactions other than desired ones often happen.
11、not…but…不是……而是……
12、as well as注意并列的对象
例：①He agrees with you as well as I. 表He与I的并列
②He agrees with you as well as me. 表you与me的并列
六、其他
没有必要通读全文，遇到代词和一词多译的情况要结合上下文；此外出现的人名地名需要译的，约定的，如纽约，牛顿要写成规范的中文，对于非约定的，可根据读音编个中文然后后面加括号附上英文。
附：学科中英文名称对照表
Aeronautical and astronautically Engineering：航空和航天工程
Aerodynamics：空气动力学
Aesthetics：美学
Algebra：代数学
Anthropology：人类学
Archaeology：考古学
Architecture：建筑学
Astronomy：天文学
Biology and bioengineering：生物学和生物工程
Business and management：商业与管理
Chemistry and chemical engineering：化学和化学工程
Civil and environmental engineering：土木和环境工程
Computer science：计算机科学
Dynamics：力学
Earth and atmospheric sciences：地球和大气科学
Ecology：生态学
Economics：经济学
Educational technology：教育科技
Electrical engineering：电机工程
Elementary-particle physics基本粒子物理学
Environment and energy：环境和能源
Ethnics：伦理学
Geochemistry：地球化学
Geography：地理学
Geology：地质学
Geophysics：地球物理
Geometry：几何学
Health physics：保健物理学
Humanities：人文学科
Hydrodynamics：流体力学
Journalism：新闻学
Languages and literature：语言与文学
Libraries：图书馆学
Linear algebra：线性代数
Linguistics语言学
Logistics：物流学
Media arts and sciences：媒体艺术与科学
Meteorology：气象学
Materials sciences and engineering：材料科学与工程
Mechanical engineering：机械工程
Medical sciences：医学
Nanoscience and nanotechnology：纳米科技
Nuclear engineering：核子工程
Oceanography and ocean engineering：海洋学和海洋工程
Operational research：运筹学
Optics：光学
Philosophy：哲学
Physiology：生理学
Political science：政治学
Robotics and artificial intelligence：机器人与人工智能
Statistics：统计学
Social sciences：社会科学
Sociology：社会学
System engineering：系统工程
Thermodynamics：热力学
Urban studies and planning：城市研究与规划
Zoology：动物学
12.31七选五（高翼）
解题技巧：
1、就近原则寻找信息线索；
2、选项中出现时间年代时，往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系；
3、选项中出现代词时，往往该选项不能放在首句，要注意指代成立的条件。
4、绝对选项常是干扰项，意思太泛太窄要小心；
5、警惕无关离题词，两项相近有答案；
6、选项对比原文时，与原文重复或同义改写的字越多的往往就是正确选项；
7、总体观、相互补，做题不用按顺序，选先做易后做难，莫忘近邻上下文；
8、放在段尾的名字有时也会有提示词：①因果连词；②总结性连词；③转折性连词
1.9阅读（魏越越）
一、定位
1、题干选项
①数字、年代
②大写字母
③生僻且复杂的词（专业词汇）
④中心概念（相关、相近）
一般前三种情况出现的较多
2、顺序原则：即出题顺序与文章段落一般情况下是一直的，但也有例外。
二、题型
1、词汇题
问法：The word/phrase “...”（line … paragraph …）most probably was …
①单词：A超纲词，考本意 B常见词，考转意；②短语：全部考转意
做法：①返回原文，找到核心词；②注意核心词附近相同词性的内容；③结合上下文，注意同位语，特别标点，定语从句及前后缀
注意：短语题中字面意思的选项永远是错的
另：相邻两句间关系：①转折②并列或顺接
例题：94.66、94.57、95.57、94.51、01.69、02.47、03.43、98.52
关于词汇题要考的词：
白词（即认识的）
灰词（为不考本意的词）
以下为灰词的总结！
import重要性、意义、含义
understand知性
reason理性
reasoning推理
knowledge知道、知晓
term条件；措辞
industry产业
law法规、规则
act法案
community社会
agent动因
productivity经济
implication影响（本义：暗示）
code法则，准则
politics斗争，手腕
tip①指导，忠告②插图，插页
might力量
sport（动）夸耀
exercise（动）施加影响
word（名）消息；（动）措辞
measure法案
leave（名）休假；（动）使得，让……（如leave the window open）
passage通过
spell（名）=period
keep（名）生计
黑词（即不认识的）
推断方法：
①下定义，标志词：A is/means/refers to…
②同位语：A, one of ….
③近义词：A or B（A与B不一定是近义词，可能毫不相关）
A, or B、A and B（A与B绝对是近义词）
④解释：A is that is… （后一个is后面的内容是对A的解释）/That is…（是对上一句尾句名词的解释）
⑤标点符号（）和——
⑥构词法（in-只有三对不表相反义，如下：）
flammable可燃的inflammable易燃
valuable有价值的invaluable无价值的
ravel解开，松开irravel与ravel同义（咪咪没查到这个单词）
⑦定语从句
⑧前后对比，如：
on the other hand；contras；on the contrary；转折词
⑨常识
⑩专业词汇
2、举例题
问法：The example of “…” in the passage is used to …
When mentioning “…”, the author is talking about
结论是例子所服务的对象，例子所说明的道理
做法：结合例子，精读例子前面一句话
注意：例子里的细节信息不能出现在正确选项里
例：94.63、04.53
另：①如果出现一个结论，下面有A、B、C、D四个顺序出现的例子，问D例子说明了什么。也就是说为结论服务的例子不止一个时，要在第一个例子里面找结论，这个结论而往往是段首句。②再如问A（第16行）与B（第22行）两个例子是为了说明什么，此是A与B必服务于一个结论，因此A与B之间的内容不必看，直接找A前面的句子。
窍门：当support/show/reveal/demonstrate/strengthen出现时看看是否是结论中的某个词的同义变换
3主题题
问法：mainly discuss/mainly about/best title不论题目出现在什么位置，一定要最后做
做法：①综合各段首句，如果第一段有转折词，重点往往在转折词后面；②名词性词组和文章的高频词汇是主体内容；如；③若文章有主题句，则与主题句相对应的为正确答案，对于A问题答案型：如01.59；B花开两朵型：文章有两个核心概念，围绕展开论述，又分为：a并进型：在第一段提出两个核心概念，下面并重地对两个核心概念进行论述，要找两个概念间的区别和联系，如94.54；b大花小花型：重点找大花（从文章篇幅就能看出）。
注意：①首段陷阱，如94.58、94.61、98.70；②逆向思维，两个选项相似的进行排除；③主题干扰选项：A局部信息：选项内容小于文章内容 B范围过宽，选项内容远大于文章内容
例：96.66、00.59、02.45
4指代题
问法：it/they/them
做法：①返回原文，找出出题的指代词；②向上搜索，找最近的名词性短语或句子；③将找到的词、词组或句子替换为该指代词，看其意思是否通畅；④将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项相比较，找出最佳答案
例：95.59
注意：要半个分句半个分句地（即以逗号为准）向上找对应成份
5细节题
定位：同义变换：换同义词；句式
注意：绝对化语言往往是错误选项（其他题目也适应），没有原文根据的绝对化语言为错误答案①最高级：-est，most，least，顺序最高级first，last，at most；②唯一性：only，sole(ly)，unique(ly)，exclusive(ly)，alone
例：98.65、97.11、00.57
6态度题
I全文态度，问法：From the test, we can see that the writer seems …
II局部态度：问法：Sb.’s attitude toward sth./sb. Is …
做法：对于I全文态度，分析各段首句，总结作者表态度的动词、形容词或副词；对于II局部态度题，定位核心词在原文中出现的位置，在其附近寻找带有感情色彩的动词、形容词或副词，如：97.54、03.52、03.58、04.58
表态度词的总结：
①语气弱，观点不明确
light-hearted轻松的
jocular开玩笑的
facetious嘻皮笑脸的
indifference漠不关心的
impassive同上
ambivalence模棱两开的
suspicious怀疑的
puzzling困惑的
②语气过重
过坏：
condemnation咒骂
indignant愤怒
envious妒嫉
offensive令人讨厌的
insincere不忠诚的
callous冷漠无情的
defiance藐视
derision嘲笑的
scornful鄙视的
cynical愤世嫉俗的
spiteful痛恨的
bias偏见的
disgusting令人恶心的
过好：
fervent狂热
adulatory拍马屁
③中性词：
neutral中立的（选项中的“吴孟达”）
cautious小心的，慬慎的
④观点明确的词语
critical批评的
approve/disapprove赞同的/不赞同的
support支持的
negative/positive负面的/积极的
⑤客观性词
objective
impartial
做法：①看选项，排除过于轻描淡写、态度观点不明确的态度词；②排除语气过重的态度词；③排除相近选项；④保留观点明确的词、客观性词和中性词；⑤看题干确定感情态度的指向，再判断该的性质；⑥最后做出选择先后顺序：客观、支持、反对、中性
例：97.70、98.62、99.54
7推理题
问法：learn，infer，imply，suggest，conclude，true or false
做法：不许推理！一推就错。按细节题的做法
错误选项的特点：①与原文矛盾；②原文中没有出现过的内容；③把原文单词重新组合使语义剧变
正确选项的特点：原文中某句话的同义变换
例：95.62、97.56、97.62、99.58、99.63.66、01.65、02.52
补充：微观阅读法
1、看标点符号：破折号（——），冒号（：），分号（；）
2、抓句子主干
3、注意对照词：
①namely，in other words，likewise，that is to say
②转折词：
显性：but，yet，however，on the other hand，others，in contrast，nevertheless，on the contrary……
隐性：while，(al)though，despite，whereas（前面四个出现时，重点是这词后面的那个分句），the trouble is，the problem is，what is harder to do，is not，does not……
③表结果的连词：thus，consequence……
④表递进：furthermore，in addition to，add to……
4、出题点：
①列举句；②举例，打比喻；③某人物的论断；④转折处；⑤复杂句；⑥因果句；⑦特殊标点；⑧段首段尾 |
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