大雁
swan
天鹅 / swan lake
天鹅湖
goose
雌鹅 / gander
雄鹅
漫天覆盖
Lesson 29 Pi ce
es of Mind
思想片断
A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or to express the emotion that it rouses in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond. It is difficult for any of us in moments of intense aesthetic experience to resist the suggestion that we are catching a glimpse of a light that shines down to us from a different realm of existence, different and, because the experience is intensely moving, in some way higher. And, though the gleams blind and dazzle, yet do they convey a hint of beauty and serenity greater than we have known or imagined. Greater too than we can describe, for language, which was invented to convey the meanings of this world, cannot readily be fitted to the uses of another.
That all great art has this power of suggesting a world beyond is undeniable. In some moods Nature shares it. There is no sky in June so blue that it does not point forward to a bluer, no sunset so beautiful that it does not waken the vision of a greater beauty, a vision which passes before it is fully glimpsed, and in passing leaves an indefinable longing and regret. But, if this world is not merely a bad joke, life a vulgar flare amid the cool radiance of the stars, and existence an empty laugh braying across the mysteries; if these intimations of a something behind and beyond are not evil humour born of indigestion, or whimsies sent by the devil to mock and madden us, if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we must not seek to interpret the meaning. If we glimpse the unutterable, it is unwise to try to utter it, nor should we seek to invest with significance that whichwe cannot grasp. Beauty in terms of our human meanings is meaningless.
New words and expressions
生词短语
rouse vt.激起(情感词） \\emotion\\excitement 激动\\anger 仇恨\\love 爱 同义词 arouse 激发,flame\\inflame 火焰,stir 搅拌
This film is really rousing.这片子真是让人激动。
▲intense a 强烈的 love/passion 热情/hatred/heat 酷暑/coldness 严寒/light/rays 强光
intensive reading 精读/extensive reading 范读
intensive farming 精耕细作/intensified training 强化训练 同义词：violent/ferment/fierce/vehement
aesthetic
a 审美的 aesthetics 审美学（a＋s－名词，如 logic—logics）esthete 爱美者，唯美 主义者
realm n 世界 见 19 课
minkyn
gleam n 光芒
见 10 课
dazzle vt 使眼花缭乱，头晕目眩
The fireworks dazzle me.那绽放的烟花使我头晕目眩
dazzling achivemeng 令人瞩目的成就
convey vt 传达，表达 information/meaning/knowledge
Teacher conveys knowledge to students.
同义词：transfer/transplant 移植/transmit/transpacific 横跨大西洋/pass over
pass!传
serenity n 静谧 adj serene
同义词：poetic/quice/peaceful（O）/placid/tranquil（w）/serene life
serene lake/face（安祥的脸）
readily ad 轻易地
The work is readily done.
The problem is readily solved.这个难题迎刃而解 同义词：smoothly/ painless
undeniable a
不可否认的 词源：否认 deny/可否认的 deniable
①deny sb.……sth.
He denies me admission.他不准我进去。
②deny oneself in sth.
I deny myself in drinking.我戒酒了
deny oneself 毫无疑问/question－questionable－unqusetionable
mistakable-unmistakble
▲indefinable a 不可名状的，无法下定义的（表程度高）
define 下定义
His kindness/hospitality is indefinable.他的热情真是难以表述。 难以描述的 undesctibable/express－expressible-inexpressible/biyond words
▲longing n
渴望,热望
long for a villa/long to have a ville 渴望一栋别墅 同义词：yearn－yearning for……/thirst/thirsty/hunger
※名词或动词类似，则其同义词用法类似
my hunger for books
vulgar a
平庸的（来源于宗教，与 God 所住之 heaven 相对应） vulgar place/vulgar world/vugar language(nasty)言语粗俗 同义词：earthly
反义词：heavenly/godly/celestial 星空的，高雅的
minkyn
radiance n
发光
来源于 radio adj－radiant smile/radioactive 表辐射
wear a radiant face 红光满面
※：wear 可用于表穿、戴、涂抹、留(胡子、头发等）如 wear lipstick/whitening lotion 增白 蜜/beard
mysteries n
神秘的事物 /mystic 见 19 课
intimation n
暗示
intimate v.告知，暗示 同义词：hint/suggestion/imlication
whimsy n 怪念头
whimsical adj.怪诞的见 27 课
▲in a word
总而言之
同义词：in short/in brief（见）26 课/in a nutshell
▲interpret vt 阐明
I am an interpreter.(oral)/translator(written) inter:between 如：international/interschool/interclass/interpersonal trans
表示“横过，贯穿”之义
interpret a role/play a role 扮演角色
▲unutterable a
不可言传的
同义词：indefinable
uttervt
说出，表达 adj 完全的
in utter exhaustion 完全疲劳状态（见 28 课）/utterance(oral)/sentence(written)
invest vt
赋予 m.investment
同义词 endow v. invest in 投资: He investen in china.
invest with 给予/invest sb. with courage invest sb. with loving heart
The novel is invested with mystery.这部小说极具神秘色彩！
grasp vt
理解
beyong/within my grasp 无法/能理解
Grasp all and lose all. 贪多必失
He is very grasping.他太贪婪了。
minkyn
Notes on the text
课文注释
A young man sees（与 concludes 并列） a sunset and, unable（做原因状语） to understand or to express the emotion that it(sunset) rouses in him①, concludes that it must be the gateway to
②（通往……的门） a world that lies beyond（省略了 this world).（下一句从特殊引至一 般,from a individual to the general） It is difficult for any of us( 后边跟 to do sth. )in moments of intense aesthetic experience ③to resist the suggestion（暗示） that（同位语从句） we are catching a glimpse（一瞥） of a light that shines down to④ us from a different realm of existence（=world), different（different 修饰 existence）and, because the experience is intensely moving（双关语，touching/quickly), in some way higher( 更加壮丽). And, though the gleams blind(v.使……一片茫然), and dazzle, yet do(do 起强调作用) they convey a hint of beauty and serenity greater than we have known or imagined. Greater too than we can describe⑤, for language, which was invented to convey the meanings of this world（this world:our worle）, cannot readily be fitted to the uses of another.
That all great art has this power of suggesting a world beyond is undeniable. In some moods Nature shares it. There is no sky in June so blue that it does not point forward to a bluer⑥, no sunset so beautiful that it does not waken the vision（幻觉） of a greater beauty, a vision which passes before it is fully glimpsed, and in passing（in passing
在流逝的过程中） leaves an indefinable longing and regret. But, if this world is not merely a bad joke⑦, life（省略了 is not ） a vulgar flare ⑧amid the cool（冷，冷漠） radiance
of the stars（宇宙间，意为上天）, and existence（＝life）（省略了 is not） an empty laugh braying（donkey） across the mysteries
（意为上天）; if these intimations（暗示，联想） of a something（a something 指前边所联 想的东西，日落、蓝天） behind（inside/inside my heart,见文章第二句‘to express the emotion that it rouses in him’) and beyond（higher universe） are not evil humour born of indigestion
（born of indigestion:come from misunderstangding，误解）, or whimsies sent by the devil（与 hell 相对，意指邪恶） to mock（joke，嘲笑） and madden us, if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we must not seek to（try to） interpret the meaning⑨. If we glimpse the unutterable, it is unwise to try to utter it, nor should we seek to invest with significance that which we cannot grasp⑩. Beauty in terms of（in terms of 就……而言） our human meanings is meaningless.
①What\'s your emotion when you see the sun is rising radianly from the Mount Tai?
it is great!/beautifu!/it is really glamorous!
it is really beyond my words!
a glorious future behind him/ a glorious future in front of him（见 6 课）
②gateway to 通往……的门 To master English is a gateway to a rosy future.（非常灿烂的未 来）
③in moments of intense aesthetic experience 插入语＝when we have the moments of intense aesthetic experience
④shines down to/above/high above
minkyn
⑤Greater too than we can describe.无谓语句(exclamation)，表达一种惊叹.即美得语言难以描 述。
如：How nice!
⑥此句暗示更好的未来。结构上双重否定等于肯定 There is sky in June so blur than it does point forward to a bluer .六月总有一种蓝天能使你联想到更湛蓝的天空。
如：There is no man in the world so nice that he does not deserve any praise. There is no man in the worle so vicious that he dose not deserve any abuse.
He is rotten to the core,so I hate him to death.他坏到心肠了，我恨死他了。to death 表一 种状态。
I love him to death.我爱死他了
I am hungry to death./I am angry to death.
⑦a bad joke 一个拙劣的玩笑，此句意为人生充满不幸（misfortune/happiness/laughter）， 西方宗教中上帝认为人是罪恶的，所以要惩罚人类，即理解为文中 bad joke。
⑧vulgar flare 平庸的一闪，flare:short in passing；vulgar:fruitless
⑨前面 4 句分句引出文中主题句－yet we must not seek to interpret the meaning.
⑩invest sth.(that which we cannot grasp) with significance，倒装句，宾语较长放在后， 此文章为哲学家所写，比较难，而科学类文章相对简单。（philosopher/scientist） 作者：C.E.M.JOAD(1891-1953) Britisher/Meaning of Life/God and Evil sculpture 文中图片为著名雕塑家 Hogarth 的自画像。The Line of Beauty 线条的美，在当时其作
品被评为粗暴、低俗（vulgar and inferior）。其最擅长于勾画眼睛。 文章要求背诵，至少读 10 次，领悟其内涵。
minkyn
Lesson 30 Adventures of Ideas
大胆的想法
Each civilization is born, it culminates, and it decays. There is a widespread estimony that this ominous fact is due to inherent biological defects in the crowded life of cities. Now, slowly and at first faintly, an opposite tendency is showing itself. Better roads and better vehicles at first induced the wealthier classes to live on the outskirts of the cities. The urgent need for defence had also vanished. This tendency is now spreading rapidly downwards. But a new set of conditions is just showing itself. Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centres of the cities. Apart from the care of children and periods of sheer rest, the active lives were spent in the cities. In some ways the concentration of such activities was even more emphasized, and the homes were pushed outwards even at the cost of the discomfort of commuting. But, if we examine the trend of technology during the past generation, the reasons for this concentration are largely disappearing. Still more, the reasons for the choice of sites for cities are also altering. Mechanical power can be transmitted for hundreds of miles, men can communicate almost instantaneously by telephone, the chiefs of great organizations can be transported by airplanes, the cinemas can produce plays in every village, music, speeches, and sermons can be broadcast. Almost every reason for the growth of the cities,concurrently with the growth of civilization has been profoundly modified.
New words and expressions
生词短语
本课与 20 课相类似
鼓起精神 take heart
振作起来 beef up
Ⅰ、words
▲culminate vi.鼎盛，达到顶点
n.culmination n.（顶点,多用做抽象意义）/summit n.顶峰/peak/top
He reaches/attains the culmination in his thirties.他三十岁达到了顶峰。
His efforts culminate in his success.他的努力终于使他成功了。（culmite＝lead to
His efforts culminate in the prosperity of his family. His efforts culminate in failure.他的努力付诸东流。
His excessive drinking culminates in his moral degeneration/decay.他的过度饮酒导致他道德败 坏
mend one\'s morals 改过自新
decayvt 衰亡，腐烂
同义词：rot 见第二课
minkyn
My health decays.我的身体江河日下。
Tooth decays.牙齿咬不动东西了。
testimony n
证据=evidence testmen n.证人 testify v. Bear/produce the testimony to his innocence.我证明他无罪。 oral 证词/verbal 证词/ material 物证
▲inherent adj 固有的
the sloth that inherent in him 天生的懒惰
inbred 天生的 inbuilt 嵌入的 ingrain 根深蒂固的 deep－rooted 根深蒂固的
faintly adv 不明显的
faint 微弱的
The light is so faint.光线太暗。
I fainted.我晕了过去。
tendency n 倾向
I have the tendency to shop.我是个购物狂。
I have the tendency to smoke/read.我是个烟鬼/书迷
trend 潮流/inclination（自己的）倾向 /current 潮流（更常用）
vanish vi 消失见 26 课
▲a set of
一批后只跟 sth 不跟 sb
a set of rules 一系列规则/a set of equipmeng 一套设备/a set of furniture 一套家具/a set of short stories 短篇小说集
▲sheeradj 纯粹的
sheer brandy 纯白兰地/sheer liar 大骗子/sheer rubbish 一派胡言
emphasize vt 强调 n.emphasis place/lay/put emphsis……on
We have to place emphasis on construction of civilization.我们要加强文明建设。 同义词：underline/spotlight
at the cost of
以……位代价＝at the ptice of =sactifice v.牺牲，n 牲
I learn English at the cost of my holidays.
▲commute adv 即刻地 n.commuter 通勤者/commuter time/rush hour 上下班时间
There is a New York or commuters devoured by locusts in the day and spit out at night. It\'s commuter time,I will go.要下班了，我要走了。
instantaneously adv.即刻地
instant noodles 方便面，快餐面
minkyn
in no time 快，很快
I will come in no time.我马上回来。
sermonn 布道
preach a sermon by a priest 牧师布道
▲profoundly adv 深刻地 profound theory 深奥的理论 bid for Olympics 申奥
profound sleep 死睡/sleep like a log 睡得像猪/eat like a dog
Notes on the text
课文注释
This is about civilization and industry.That is the association between industry and civilization. Each civilization is born( 产生), it culminates, and it decays①. There is a widespread testimony that this ominous（ominous 不吉祥地） fact is due to② inherent biological defects（biological defect 生物地缺陷，指前文中的产生、发展、灭亡的过程） in the crowded life of cities③. Now, slowly and at first faintly, an opposite tendency④ is showing itself⑤. Better roads and better vehicles ⑥at first induced the wealthier classes to live on the outskirts of the cities. The urgent need ⑦for defence had also vanished. This tendency is now spreading rapidly downwards⑧. But a new set of conditions is just showing itself. Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs⑨ , but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations（商业贸易）, government, and pleasure in the centres of the cities. Apart from（除了） the care of children and periods of sheer rest, the active lives （活动生活，主要生活）were spent in the cities. In some ways（在某些方式上而 言） the concentration of such activities was even more emphasized, and the homes were pushed outwards even at the cost of the discomfort （：menace，威胁，不舒适）of commuting. But, if we examine（探究） the trend of technology during the past generation, the reasons for this concentration（指前文 relations 、government, and pleasure ）are largely disappearing. Still more, the reasons for the choice of sites for cities are also altering.（下文解释说明） Mechanical power can be transmitted for hundreds of miles, men can communicate almost instantaneously by telephone, the chiefs of great organizations can be transported by airplanes, the cinemas can produce plays in every village, music, speeches, and sermons can be broadcast. Almost every reason for the growth of the cities, concurrently with the growth of civilization has been profoundly modified.
①例句：A man is born,he culminates/grows up,and he decays/dies.
②due to=becouse of，而 due to 多指不好之意
Due to my carelessness/drinking/overspeeding
③本句看试与首句不相关联，但前句中的 civilization
城市生活多半代表了文明的含义，而
countryside 多有 backward（落后）、supersitious （迷信的），故由前句讲到本句的城市生活。
minkyn
④opposite tendency 相反的倾向，指与城市生活拥挤不堪相反
⑤showing itself 显露迹象
suggest itself
As time goes on,the adwantage of my sound English is showing itself.随着时光流逝，我良好的英 语功底终于派上用场了！
⑥vehide(in Britain)/lorry or motocar,automobile(in America)
induce 归纳 from every point to the center
induced=attracted
outskirts:it is only within the city but actually it is outer city
⑦urgent need 迫切需求,指人们开始搬到市郊居住，使得城市的应急防护就显得不必要了
⑧downwards 向下转移
I am homeward.我朝家里走去。
I am schoolward.我上学去。
I am eastward.我向东走去
I am restaurantward.我吃饭去。
I am bridgeward.我向桥上走去。
I am bookstoreward.我买书去。
⑨ city－outskirts-suburb：expansion outward 向外扩展
immediate:近的，接近的
immediate goal 近期目标
long term goal 长期目标
immediate boss 顶头上司
concentrate 集中，若后接抽象内容则需加 on，具体事物则不必。
concentrate on my studies 集中学习
作者：A.N Whitehead(1861-1947)，a philosopher
1924,he became the professor of University of Havard.He wrote a very famous book\'principia of mathematic\'与人合著者（coauthors）
giant in philosophy 哲学巨人
the greatest logician 最伟大地逻辑学家
If you roll off my log, I will roll off yours.你捧我，我也捧你。
本单元：lesson24、29、26、27、28（注重句型）需详细解读。
minkyn
Lesson 31 Non-auditory Effects of Noise
噪音的非听觉效应
Many people in industry and the Services, who have practical experience of noise, regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time; they are not prepared even to admit the possibility that noise affects people. On the other hand, those who dislike noise will sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support their pleas for a quieter society. This is a pity, because noise abatement really is a good cause. and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with bad science.
One allegation often made is that noise produces mental illness. A recent article in a weekly newspaper, for instance, was headed with a striking illustration of a lady in a state of considerable distress, with the caption \'She was yet another victim, reduced to a screaming wreck \'. On turning eagerly to the text, one learns that the lady was a typist who found the sound of office typewriters worried her more and more until eventually she had to go into a mental hospital. Now the snag in this sort of anecdote is of course that one cannot distinguish cause and effect. Was the noise a cause of the illness, or were the complaints about noise merely a symptom? Another patient might equally well complain that her neighbours were combining to slander her and persecute her, and yet one might be cautious about believing this statement.
What is needed in the case of noise is a study of large numbers of people living under noisy conditions, to discover whether they are mentally ill more often than other people are. The United States Navy, for instance, recently examined a very large number of men working on aircraft carriers: the study was known as Project Anehin. It can be unpleasant to live even several miles from an aerodrome; if you think what it must be like to share the deck of a ship with several squadrons of jet aircraft, you will realize that a modern navy is a good place to study noise. But neither psychiatric interviews nor objective tests were able to show any effects upon these American sailors. This result merely confirms earlier American and British studies: if there is any effect of noise upon mental health it must be so small that present methods of psychiatric diagnosis cannot find it. That does not prove that it does not exist; but it does mean that noise is less dangerous than, say, being brought up in an orphanages--which really is a mental health hazard.
New words and expressions
生词短语
likely=possibly deposited=saved=piled up 堆积 mud (from the seashore)
the man and the like: 就他那样的人（否定意义）
cover over: 全部覆盖
wuwuandjian
第一段：强调句
1. 加原因状语
2. 加地点状语 favourable=good=ideal small fraction 小部分
that die 已死的或将要死的
feed on: 靠……为生
I feed on rice./I feed rice. (F) I feed the baby. live by: 通过
live by the hands 自力更生
live by the mountains live on=feed on
dead or alive 连缀形容词要做后置定语
ecological chain: 生物链
the law of the jungle, survival of the fittest chance=accidental 偶尔
chance meeting
邂逅
chance company 萍水相逢 on land 陆路
seldom=hardly innumerable=numerous see sb doing sth.
fly about: 四外飞翔
go about: 转一转
not to mention: 更不用说 = let alone= not to speak of it is very rarely…(强调句，强调状语)
come across=run into
带 other，一般用单数词，any(some)other: 任何一个
traces=remains as…as…
when: 时间状语（接 by falling into inaccessible caves, or into an ice crevasse…）
refrigerator: refrige
preserved: 做主语的宾语补足语
in good condition: 完好状态 tar pits: 焦油坑 collected=assembled 汇集
the carnivores: 肉食动物
Notes on the text
课文注释
industry 工业方面，工业界
Services: in America means army;
serviceman: 军人
ex-serviceman 退伍军人
ex-president 前总统
present president 现任 总统
ex-wife 前妻
My ex-job is a secretary.
on the one hand.. on the other hand 一方面……，另一方面……
wuwuandjian
most 前不加定冠词相当于 very good cause=good thing
and 在这儿表转折
mental illness 精神病
weekly newspaper 周刊报纸
head with 头版头条
carry the news on the front page considerable 极度的
reduce（在这）＝made (reduce to tears; reduce to laughter; reduce to a skeleton)
text 文字说明；turning to 转向；on: as soon as anecdote 轶闻（大多数情况下 unreal）
might well 或许可以 symptom=sign cautious=careful statement 这桩事 equally 同样地
might well/may well＝have reason to do sth. or be reasonable She may well be proud of her son. 她有理由为她的儿子骄傲。 You may well refuse him. 你有理由拒绝他。
the United States Navy 美国海军
aerodrome 机场
motordrome 赛车道
parking lot 停车场
aero
航空
drome 场所
share with 与……共住，与……一起 psychiatric interviews 精神病的采访 objective test 问卷调查，客观题 say=for example
hazard=danger
本文是一个 sophistry(诡辨术) critical eye; eagle eye 辨析力
wuwuandjian
Lesson 32 The Past Life of the Earth
古代地球上的生命
It is animals and plants which lived in or near water whose remains are most likely to be preserved, for one of the necessary conditions of preservation is quick burial, and it is only in the seas and rivers, and sometimes lakes, where mud and silt have been continuously deposited, that bodies and the like can be rapidly covered over and preserved.
But even in the most favourable circumstances only a small fraction of the creatures that die are preserved in this way before decay sets in or, even more likely, before scavengers eat them. After all, all living creatures live by feeding on something else, whether it be plant or animal, dead or alive, and it is only by chance that such a fate is avoided. The remains of plants and animals that lived on land are much more rarely preserved, for there is seldom anything to cover them over. When you think of the innumerable birds that one sees flying about, not to mention the equally numerous small animals like field mice and voles which you do not see, it is very rarely that one comes across a dead body, except, of course, on the roads. They decompose and are quickly destroyed by the weather or eaten by some other creature.
It is almost always due to some very special circumstances that traces of land animals survive, as by falling into inaccessible caves, or into an ice crevasse, like the Siberian mammoths, when the whole animal is sometimes preserved, as in a refrigerator. This is what happened to the famous Beresovka mammoth which was found preserved and in good condition. In his mouth were the remains of fir trees--the last meal that he had before he fell into the crevasse and broke his back. The mammoth has now been restored in the Palaeontological Museum in Leningrad. Other animals were trapped in tar pits, like the elephants, sabretoothed cats, and numerous other creatures that are found at Rancho la Brea, which is now just a suburb of Los Angeles. Apparently what happened was that water collected on these tar pits, and the bigger animals like the elephants ventured out on to the apparently firm surface to drink, and were promptly boggedin the tar. And then, when they were dead, the carnivores, like the sabre-toothed cats and the giant wolves, came out to feed and suffered exactly the same fate. There are also endless numbers of birds in the tar as well.
New words and expressions
生词短语
remains: 更多指人；body：（人和动物）都可以
to pay the last respects to his remains 向遗体告别
preservation n.保存
preserved vegetable 腌菜
preserved bean curd
She is well-preserved. 她保养得非常好。poorly/badly preserved
wuwuandjian
set in vi. 开始
Winter has set in early this year.
Fatigue sets in when one grows old. scavenger n.食尸动物
1. dustman 清道夫，清洁工
2. obscene writer
vegetarian: 吃素的 He is a vegetable. (乏味之人) carnivorous: 吃肉的
numerous a. 许多的(数量多)
numeric （about number）关于数字的 numbered a. 1.编号的
numbered card 2.时日无多的
mouse: n.
as poor as a church mouse
to play cat and mouse with sb.
e.g. The policeman played cat and mouse with the thief. She is a mouse. (胆小的)/He is a chicken.
rat:
cat n.猫科动物
feline: 猫科的
They live a cat and dog life. (水火不容)
rain cats and dogs (北欧神话中，猫是风神，狗是雷神)
I cat a nap only 15 minutes.
cat’s paw: 牺牲品，受人利用；cat walk
vole: 野鼠，鼹鼠
decompose vt. 腐烂 decay: 逐渐哀老；decompose: 分解；rot: 腐烂
inaccessible a.不能到达的
accessible
The book is accessible to beginners. /The goal is inaccessible. access n.
Students should have access to a wide range of readings.
attain: attainable/unattainable approach: approachable/unapproachable
Siberia: 西伯得亚
Siberian a.
cold currents 寒流
warm currents 暖流
mammoth n. 猛玛 mammoth parade 盛大游行
palaeontological a.古生物学的 pal(a)e=old palaeoanthropology 古人类学 ontology: 物种起源学 palaeolith 旧石器时代
neolith: 新石器时代 palaeography 古文书，古文书学
Leningrad
Stalingrad: Volgograd
pit n.坑
A fall in the pit, a gain in the wit. (吃一堑，长一智)
pitfall: 意外的挫折或困难
pit (casino) boss: 赌场老板
wuwuandjian
saber: 马刀
saber-toothed
NY(New York) LA (Los Angeles) Chicago
venture vi. 冒险
I venture to buy some stocks.
Nothing Ventured, Nothing gained. (不入虎穴，焉得虎子) joint venture 合资企业
bog vt.&vi.
I’m bogged/troubled/plunged/sunk. Notes on the text
课文注释 likely=possibly
deposited=saved=piled up 堆积
mud (from the seashore)
the man and the like: 就他那样的人（否定意义）
cover over: 全部覆盖
第一段：强调句 1. 加原因状语 2. 加地点状语
favourable=good=ideal small fraction 小部分
that die 已死的或将要死的
feed on: 靠……为生
I feed on rice./I feed rice. (F) I feed the baby. live by: 通过
live by the hands 自力更生
live by the mountains live on=feed on
dead or alive 连缀形容词要做后置定语
ecological chain: 生物链
the law of the jungle, survival of the fittest chance=accidental 偶尔
chance meeting
邂逅
chance company 萍水相逢 on land 陆路
seldom=hardly
innumerable=numerous
see sb doing sth.
fly about: 四外飞翔
go about: 转一转
not to mention: 更不用说 = let alone= not to speak of it is very rarely…(强调句，强调状语)
come across=run into
带 other，一般用单数词，any(some)other: 任何一个
traces=remains as…as…
when: 时间状语（接 by falling into inaccessible caves, or into an ice crevasse…）
refrigerator: refrige
preserved: 做主语的宾语补足语
in good condition: 完好状态
tar pits: 焦油坑 collected=assembled 汇集 the carnivores: 肉食动物
wuwuandjian
Lesson 33 The Raising of the ‘V sa a’
“瓦萨”号出水
From the seventeenth-century empire of Sweden, the story of a galleon that sank at the start of her maiden voyage in 1628 must be one of the strangest tales of the sea. For nearly three and a half centuries she lay at the bottom of Stockholm harbour until her discovery in 1956. This was the Vasa, royal flagship of the great imperial fleet.
King Gustavus Adolphus, \'The Northern Hurricane\', then at the height of his military success in the Thirty Years\' War, had dictated her measurements and armament. Triple gun-decks mounted sixty-four bronze cannon. She was intended to play a leading role in the growing might of Sweden.
As she was prepared for her maiden voyage on August 10, 1628, Stockholm was in a ferment. From the Skeppsbron and surrounding islands the people watched this thing of beauty begin to spread her sails and catch the wind. They had laboured for three years to produce this floating work of art; she was more richly carved and ornamented than any previous ship. The high stern castle was a riot of carved gods, demons, knights, kings, warriors,mermaids, cherubs; and zoomorphic animal shapes ablaze with red and gold and blue, symbols of courage, power, and cruelty, were portrayed to stir the imaginations of the superstitious sailors of the day.
Then the cannons of the anchored warships thundered a salute to which the Vasa fired in reply. As she emerged from her drifting cloud of gun smoke with the water churned to foam beneath her bow, her flags flying, pennants waving, sails filling in the breeze, and the red and gold of her superstructure ablaze with colour, she presented a more majestic spectacle than Stockholmers had ever seen before. All gun-ports were open and the muzzles peeped wickedly from them.
As the wind freshened there came a sudden squall and the ship made a strange movement, listing to port. The Ordnance Officer ordered all the port cannon to be heaved to starboard to counteract the list, but the steepening angle of the decks increased. Then the sound of rumbling thunder reached the watchers on the shore, as cargo, ballast, ammunition and 400 people went sliding and crashing down to the port side of the steeply listing ship. The lower gun-ports were now below water and the inrush sealed the ship\'s fate. In that first glorious hour, the mighty Vasa, which was intended to rule the Baltic, sank with all flags flying—in the harbour of her birth.
Lesson 34 Patients and D
co
tors
病人与大夫
This is a sceptical age, but although our faith in many of the things in which our forefathers fervently believed has weakened, our confidence in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same as theirs. This modern faith in medicines is roved by the fact that the annual drug bill of the Health Services is mounting to astronomical figures and shows no signs at present of ceasing to rise. The majority of the patients attending the medical out-patients departments of our hospitals feel that they have not received adequate treatment unless they are able to carry home with them some tangible remedy in the shape of a bottle of medicine, a box of pills, or a small jar of ointment, and the doctor in charge of the department is only too ready to provide them with these requirements. There is no quicker method of disposing of patients than by giving them what they are asking for, and since most medical men in the Health Services are overworked and have little time for offering time-consuming and little-appreciated advice on such subjects as diet, right living, and the need for abandoning bad habits, etc., the bottle, the box, and the jar are almost always granted them.
Nor is it only the ignorant and ill-educated person who has such faith in the bottle of medicine, especially if it be wrapped in white paper and sealed with a dab of red sealing-wax by a clever chemist. It is recounted of Thomas Carlyle that when he heard of the illness of his friend, Henry Taylor, he went off immediately to visit him, carrying with him in his pocket what remained of a bottle of medicine formerly prescribed for an indisposition of Mrs Carlyle\'s. Carlyle was entirely ignorant of what the bottle in his pocket contained, of the nature of the illness from which his friend was suffering, and of what had previously been wrong with his wife, but a medicine that had worked so well in one form of illness would surely be of equal benefit in another, and comforted by the thought of the help he was bringing to his friend, he hastened to Henry Taylor\'s house. History does not relate whether his friend accepted his medical help, but in all probability he did. The great advantage of taking medicine is that it makes no demands on the taker beyond that of putting up for a moment with a disgusting taste, and that is what all patients demand of their doctors-
to becured at no inconvenience to themselves.
New words and expressions
生词短语 skeptical adj.怀疑的 /’skeptikal/
注意-cal 中 c 读作[k]的很少 creedal [宗教]信条
skeptic 怀疑论者，无神论者，怀疑宗教的人
be skeptical about
对……产生怀疑 I’m skeptical about his words.
distrustful 怀疑的，不相信的
doubtful
怀疑的； juberous
怀疑的
amplehua
forefathers n..祖先
fervently adv.热情地
intense adj.热情的
full-blooded adj.
热血澎湃的； cold-blooded adj.对……无动于衷
enthusiastic adj.积极的
passion n.[宗教]狂热
passionate n.[宗教]狂热的 He has a fervent love for books.
curative adj.治病的
curative effect
疗效
How about the curative effect?
cure n.v.治疗，治愈
cure sb.
cure of cancer
beyond cure 不可救药 cure-all 治百病的万灵药，百宝丹 magic bullet 魔药
astronomical adj.天文学的
disaster 灾难 astrology 占星术 astronaut 宇航员
catastrophe n.大灾难 astronomy n.天文学 astronomical figures
天文数字
sign n.迹象
tangible adj.实实在在的
tangible assets 有形资产 intangible assets 无形资产
remedy n.药物
remedy 治疗方法 therapy 治疗方法 beyond remedy = beyond cure
jar n..瓶
bottle 瓶子 jar 罐子
ointment n..药膏
a fly in the ointment 美中不足
only too 非常 only too hot 太热了 only too + adj.
dispose vi.处理
dispose of garbage 处理垃圾 Man propose, god disposes.谋事在人，成事在天。
deal with sth. 处理
little-appreciated adj.不受欢迎的
much-appreciated; well-appreciated 很受欢迎的 received
接受 ; little-received 不受欢迎的 unsought 没人理睬的
grant vt .给予
grant = give
grant sb. freedom
给某人自由; grant sb. permission 允许
grant sb. financial guaranty 给某人经济保证 ignorant adj.无知的
/’ignarant/ ignorance n. 无知，不知 ; feint 假装
He always feints ignorance.
daffodil 水仙花
seal vt .封口
seal n .海豹；印章
have the seal of death on one’s face 行将就木
sealed with a kiss.以吻封缄
dab n.温而软的小块 it is recounted
据说 it is said 据说
prescribe vt.开药方
inscribe 刻字
amplehua
subscribe to 订阅（报纸） description 描述; inscription 题字 prescribe for a patient
write out 开处方
indisposition n.小病
minor illness 小病
minor operation 小手术
I’m indisposed.
hastenvi.急忙，赶忙
haste n.匆
More haste and less speed. 欲速则不达 quicken 加快
relatevt.叙述
recount
（lesson 1）
in all probability
很可能 (文雅的说法，一般可用 probably)
He is in all probably coming. (他有可能来) He probably comes. (他有可能来)
takern.吃药人
take medicine 吃药
put up with
忍受
I can put up with your ill temper. 忍受 stand, bear, endure
disgusting adj.令人讨厌的
nauseate 恶心，令人作呕 appetite 胃口
appetizing 有胃口的，美味的 eyesore 眼中钉，丑的东西
inconvenience n..不便
convenience 便利 convenient adj. 方便的
if it is convenient to you ……
take convenience of sb. 对某人加以利用 take advantage of sb. 利用某人
Notes on the text
课文注释
第一句：This is a sceptical age, but although (尽管) our faith（信任） in many of the things in
which our forefathers fervently believed has weakened, our confidence（信任） in the curative
properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same as theirs.
完整句型：but although….. 结构（整个句子的突破点） 两个连词并列，要求至少出现三个谓语动词如：is, has weakened, remains but 连接第一句和第三句
although 连接第二句和第三句
believe in sth.
faith in sth.
confidence in sth.
并列词：信任，相信
curative properties 治疗特点
theirs 指代 confidence
Eg.：She was sentimentally attached to this house, for even though it was far too big for her needs, she persisted in living there long after her husband’s death.（第三册 49 课）
for
因为：even though
尽管
amplehua
背景介绍
National Service
Local Family Service Community Service Student Service
prescribe
take medicine 拿药，取药
appointment 预约
dentistry 牙科：dentist 牙医
at least six month daytime education
Free Medical Service infectious 传染性的
brood v. 孵化；（人）酝酿，冥思苦想
改句型：our faith has weakened in many of the things in which our forefathers fervently believed our confidence in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same as theirs properties = effects
medicines 各种药品 annual drug bill annual meeting 年会 annual ring 年轮 drug bill 药单
bill 帐单
Health Services 卫生部
WHO = World Health Organization 世界卫生组织
Air Services 航空公司
travel service 旅行社
mounting = climb mountain astronomical figures 天文数字
show no signs = show not any sign 没有表现出迹象
show no signs of
at present 目前；时间状语提前 show no signs at present of ceasing n.停止，终止
ceasing to rise = stopping rising
majority 大多数
minority 少数
amplehua
minority nationalities 少数民族
I’m attending the hospital.看病
out-patients departments 门诊
emergency 急诊
adequate treatment 足够的护理
unless 引导条件句
unless = if not
tangible 实实在在的
in the shape of ….. 以这种形式
My works appear in the shape of poesy. My works appear in the form of poesy.
pills 药丸
tablet 药片
dose 药剂，一剂药
ointment 药膏
the doctor in charge of the department 主任医生
only too 非常（注意不是否定的意义）
no + 比较级 = 最高级
disposing of patients 打发病人
he could not come at better time. 他来得正是时候。
since 表示原因
overwork 超负荷，工作太忙 little-appreciated 不受欢迎 time-consuming 浪费时间 energy-consuming 费力 money-consuming 浪费钱 body-building 健身
right living = regular life
kick off 踢开
quit 扔掉
general 泛泛的，不具体的
if you write in this way, it is OK, pretty good.
Nor …….引出例证
amplehua
Nor is it 倒装句
ill-educated 无知的，没受过教育的
nor 强调上文，引出下文
if it be …….虚拟语气，省略 should
chemist 药剂师
it is recounted of sb. 据说
Thomas Carlyle 1795-1881 苏格兰历史学家，散文家
heard of 听说
read of / know of / learn of 了解到
carrying with him 带着
what remained of 剩下的
后置定语 formerly prescribed for an indisposition of Mrs Carlyle\'s
an indisposition of sb.’s 强调唯一性
from which 后置定语
which = illness suffer from 得病
a medicine that had worded so well in one form of illness
以一种病疗效甚好
be of 具有
be of equal benefit = be beneficial
comfort 安慰
hasten to 加快步伐
进一步说明对药的依赖和盲目信从
make no demands on sb. 对某人没有要求
beyond = except 除……之外
shat 指代 demand disgusting taste 难受的味道
put up (for a moment) with ……..插入语
put up with …..for a moment
总结
demand of 要求某人干某事
demand of sb. = demand sb. to do sth.
结构特点：观点-----》例证
amplehua
Lesson 35 The Pegasus Book of Inve
tn ors
发明者的灵感
Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft. In 1953, a former electronics engineer in his fifties, Christopher Cockerell, who had turned to boat-building on the Norfolk Broads, suggested an idea on which he had been working for many years to the British Government and industrial circles. It was the idea of supporting a craft on a\' pad \', or cushion, of low-pressure air, ringed with a curtain of higher pressure air. Ever since, people have had difficulty in deciding whether the craft should be ranged among ships, planes, or land vehicles--for it is something in between a boat and an aircraft. As a shipbuilder, Cockerell was trying to find a solution to the problem of the wave resistance which wastes a good deal of a surface ship\'s power and limits its speed. His answer was to lift the vessel out of the water by making it ride on a cushion of air, no more than one or two feet thick. This is done by a great number of ring-shaped air jets on the bottom of the craft. It \'flies\', therefore, but it cannot fly higher--its action depends on the surface, water or ground, over which it rides.
The first tests on the Solent in 1959 caused a sensation. The hovercraft travelled first over the water, then mounted the beach, climbed up the dunes, and sat down on a road. Later it crossed the Channel, riding smoothly over the waves, which presented no problem.
Since that time, various types of hovercraft have appeared and taken up regular service--cruises on the Thames in London, for instance, have become an annual attraction. But we are only at the beginning of a development that may transport netsea and land transport. Christopher Cockerell\'s craft can establish transport works in large areas with poor communications such as Africa or Australia; it can become a \'flying fruit-bowl\', carrying bananas from the plantations to the ports, giant hovercraft liners could span the Atlantic; and the railway of the future may well be the
\'hovertrain\', riding on its air cushion over a single rail, which it never touches, at speeds up to 3
m.p.h.--the possibilities appear unlimited.
Lesson 36 Exploring the sea-floor海底探索 Our knowledge of the oceans a hundred years ago was confined to the two-dimensional shape of the sea-surface and the hazards of navigation presented by the irregularities in depth of the shallow water close to the land. The open sea was deep and mysterious,and anyone who gave more than a passing thought to the bottom confines of the oceans probably assumed that the sea-bed was flat. Sir James Clark Ross had obtained a sounding of over 2,400 fathoms in 1836 but it was not until 1800, when H.M.S. Porcupine was put at the disposal of the Royal Society for several cruises, that a series of deep soundings was obtained in the Atlantic and the first samples were collected by dredging the bottom. Shortly after this the famous H.M.S. Challenger expedition established the study of the sea-floor as a subject worthy of the most qualified physicists and geologists. A burst of activity associated with the laying of submarine cables soon confirmed the Challenger\'s observation that many parts of the ocean were two to three miles deep, and the existence of underwater features of considerable magnitude.
Today enough soundings are available to enable a relief map of the Atlantic to be drawn and we know something of the great variety of the sea-bed\'s topography. Since the sea covers the greater part of the earth\'s surface it is quite reasonable to regard the sea-floor as the basic form of the crust of the earth, with superimposed upon it the continents, together with the islands and other features of the oceans. The continents form rugged tablelands which stand nearly three miles above the floor of the open ocean. From the shore-line out to a distance which may be anywhere from a few miles to a few hundred miles runs the gentle slope of the continental shelf, geologically part of the continents. The real dividing-line between continents and oceans occurs at the foot of a steeper slope.
This continental slope usually starts at a place somewhere near the ice-fathom mark and in the course of a few hundred miles reaches the true ocean-floor at 2,500-3,000 fathoms. The slope averages about 1 in 30, but contains steep, probably vertical, cliffs, and gentle sediment-covered terraces, and near its lower reaches there is a long tailing-off which is almost certainly the result of material transported out to deep water after being eroded from the continental masses.
Lesson 37 On Telling the T ur
th
论讲真话
The Victorians, realizing that the greatest happiness accorded to man is that provided by a happy marriage, endeavoured to pretend that all their marriages were happy. We, for our part, admitting the fact that no feat of intelligence and character is so exacting as that required of two people who desire to live permanently together on a basis of amity, are obsessed by the problem of how to render the basic facts of cohabitation simpler and more reasonable, in order that unhappy marriages may less frequently result. The Victorians would have considered it \'painful\' or
\'unpleasant\' were one to point out that only four marriages out of every ten are anything but forced servitudes. We ourselves start from this very assumption and try to build from it a theory of more sensible relations between the sexes. Of all forms of arrant untruthfulness Victorian optimism appears to me to have been the most cowardly and the most damaging.
Truth, therefore, is an attitude of the mind. lt is important, if one does not wish to inconvenience and to bore one\'s friends, not to tell lies. But it is more important not to think lies, or to slide into those mechanical and untruthful habits of thought which are so pleasant and so easy as descents to mental ineptitude. The victorian habit of mind (which I consider to have been a bad habit of mind) was unduly preoccupied by what was socially and morally convenient. Convenience is, however, in all affairs of life, an execrable test of value. One should have the courage to think uncomfortably, since it is only by rejecting the convenient that one can come to think the truth.
Not, after all, that there is any such thing as truth. At best we can approach to some relative approximation. On the other hand, there is surely such a thing as untruth. One is generally aware when one has said something, or acted in some way which has left on other people an impression not strictly in accordance with the facts. One is generally aware, also. when one has thrust aside an inconvenient thought and slid into its place another thought which is convenient. One\'s awareness in the former case is in general more acute than in the latter, since we are more on the look-out for the lies we utter than for those we merely think. In fact, however, it is the untruthful thought which is the more vicious of the two. Spoken lies are invariably tiresome and may actually be dishonest. But continuous lying in the mind, a disease to which the Anglo-Saxon is peculiarly exposed, spells the destruction of human thought and character.
New words and expressions
生词短语
（改正）Victoria (1837-1901)
前期是 unrest, alarm.
后期 growing prosperity
industrialism 工业革命 free trade 自由贸易
amplehua
Britain was named workshop of the world. cession of Hongkong to U.K.
cession 割让
opium war 鸦片战争
critical realism 批判现实主义
made big fortune = made good money
Charles Dickens
hard times 艰难时事
middle class 中产阶级
The Tale of Two Cities 双城记
Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿 Vanity Fair 名利场 status 地位
rank
头衔 乔治。艾里奥特
Charlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte
Jane Eyre 简爱
Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄
Michelle
Gone with the wind 飘
submit to 屈服于
destined fate 注定的命运
turn against her fate 与她的命运对抗
self-portrait 自画像 tuberculosis 肺结核 sorrow 悲痛
simplified version 简写版
original 原著
accord vt.给予 grant
同意，给予 grant sb. sth.
He was accorded the permission to enter the library.
to accord the guest a warm welcome. endow vt.（二十课）
for one’s part
就某人而言
in terms of ourselves on the part of us
For our part, we have no objection.
my objection 我的反对意见（24 课）
amity n.友善
harmony/ concord.
obsessvt.使烦恼
I’m obsessed with too much assignment. vex v.使烦恼
annoy vt.使苦恼 irrtate vt.激怒 I’m bored. 我烦了。 obsess vt.迷住
I’m obsessed with sth./ sb.
I’m obsessed with the idea of becoming a millionaire.
render vt.致使，给予
A serious illness rendered him rather weak.
(render: 致使)
render thanks to sb. 答谢（render: 给予）
render sb. a favor 给某人帮个忙 render sth. Inter Enghlish 翻译 render a role
扮演一个角色
he renders a role in the movie. to interpret a role
to play a role
servitude n.奴役
He is/ was in servitude. 他没自由
sex n.性别
male/ female
weaker, fair, gentle / strong, rougher, sterner half the sky 半边天
sex appeal 性感 bad egg
坏蛋 dirty dog
arrant a.纯粹的(否定意义)
sheer
arrant nonsense 一派胡言，
out and out
he is out and out hooligan. cowardly a.怯懦的 coward 胆小鬼，懦夫 chicken
craven
you two are fighting and finally you cry craven.
harmony,
Spare me 饶了我
concord national concord 民族团结 |
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