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对外经济贸易大学历年真题[99~08]

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11#
 楼主| 黎明前的荣耀 发表于 08-5-30 19:47:32 | 只看该作者

99经贸综合知识试题

注:第八题只限国贸专业考生答,第九题只限金融考生答
一,名词解释 (3分/1题)
1.国内生产总值 2.财政制度的内在稳定器 3.水平型国际分工 4.到达合同 5.外币期权 6.衍生金融工具 7.普遍优惠制 8.外汇留成制度
二.单选 (1分/1题)
1.在一国货币贬值后,下列哪个经济现象最不可能能发生:
A.出口增加 B.进口增加 C.通货膨胀 D.通货紧缩
2.作为未执行远期外汇合约的当事人,他将面临:
A.交易风险 B.经济风险 C.经营风险 D.政治风险
3.下列有关备用信用证的说明中,正确地说法是:
A.备用信用证不受跟单信用证统一惯例的约束 B.该证的开证行不以单证相符作为付款的条件
C.只有当开证申请人履约时,受益人才得到银行的付款 D.备用信用证仅在国际工程承包业务中使用
4.按照<<联合国国际货物销售合同合约>>的规定,下列有关发盘撤回问题的表述中,()是错误的.
A.发盘之所以能够撤回是因为发盘尚未生效 B.当发盘中规定了有效期时,该发盘不得撤回
C.所有发盘均可以撤回,即使该发盘是不可撤回的 D.撤回的通知须先于发盘或与之同时到达受盘人
5.出口价格指数与进口价格指数之比,称为:
A.净贸易条件 B.收入贸易条件 C.单项因素贸易条件 D.购买力平价
6.世界贸易组织将服务贸易分为()大类
A.9 B.10 C.11 D.12
7.如果X商品与Y商品的相对价格是2:1,某人消费X商品与Y商品时的边际效用MUx/MUy之比是3:2,为实现效用最大化,应该()
A.X商品的价格必须上升 B.消费者必须增加X商品的消费
C.消费者必须增加Y商品的消费,减少X商品的消费 D.消费者收入必须增加
8.某一时间内,X商品的替代品的价格上升和互补品的价格上升,分别引起X商品的需求变动量为50单位和80单位,则在他们的共同作用下,该时期的X商品的需求量()
A.增加30单位 B.减少30单位 C.增加130单位 D.减少130单位
9.Leontief paradox 是在验证()理论时提出来的.
A.绝对优势理论 B.比较优势理论 C.竞争优势理论 D.要素贸易理论
10.我国现行的汇率制度是()
A.有管理的单一固定汇率制度 B.有管理的单一浮动汇率制度
C.有管理的双轨浮动汇率制度 D.由市场供求决定的浮动汇率制度
三.多选 (1分/1题)
1.下列哪些因素会使总需求曲线向右移动:
A.增加名义货币供给量 B.增加政府购买支出 C.增加税收 D.增加政府转义支付
2.对于生产函数Q=f(L,K)和成本方程C=wL+rK来说,在最优的生产要素组合点上应该有()
A.等产量曲线和等成本曲线相切 B.RTSLK=w/r
C.RTSLK=ΔK/ΔL=MPK/MPL D.MPL/w=MPK/r
3.近年来,国际海运业务中使用越来越多的海运提单是由承运人签发的()
A.一种不可转让的运输单证 B.用以证明海上货物运输合同的凭证
C.证明货物已经由承运人接管或装运的凭证 D.可以流通转让的所有权凭证
5.当对一商品实行最高限价时,()
A.生产者会生产更多的商品以缩小供求之间的差距 B.引起抢购或黑市买卖
C.产生商品过剩现象 D.商品供不应求,政府实行配给制
6.乌拉圭回合谈判中达成的<<补贴与反补贴>>中,将补贴分为()
A.禁止使用补贴 B.不禁止使用补贴 C.可申诉的补贴 D.不可申诉的补贴
7.运用保理业务,().
A.进出口商不需事先协商 B.出口商品的价格高于托收下的价格
C.出口商可免除外汇信贷风险 D.进出口商需事先协商
8.只有在合同到期日,客户才可以要求银行执行交割的外汇业务是()
A.择期业务 B.远期业务 C.欧式期权 D.美式期权
9.若一国国际收支的经常帐户与资本金融帐户为顺差,则该国()
A.外汇储备增加或官方短期债权减少 B.外汇储备增加或官方短期债权增加
C.外汇储备增加或官方短期债务减少 D.外汇储备减少或官方短期债务减少
10.一国实行复汇制,会()
A.扩大出口 B.减少进口 C.扩大进口 D.被国际上认为是歧视性汇兑措施

四,判断 (1分/1题)
1.长期总成本包括长期固定成本和长期可变成本两部分
2.当净出口是收入的函数,净资本流出入是利率的函数,则国际收支均衡函数BP曲线向右上方倾斜.
3.在国际货物买卖中,当货物的风险转移给买方之后,卖方对货物与合同的不符概不承担责任
4.按<<关税与贸易总协定>>第6条的规定,”缔约国为了抵消和防止倾销,可以对倾销的产品征收数量不低于这一产品的倾销差额的反倾销税,”
5.自由贸易区通常之签定有自由贸易的国家所组成的经济贸易集团,在成员国之间逐步废除关税与数量限制,是区域内各成员国间的商品可以自由流动,但每个成员国不能保持对非成员国的贸易壁垒.
6.由于银行要扣除包装费,运费,保险费,利息损失等,外汇现钞买入价就高于外汇牌价的买入价.
7.卖方信贷下,贸易合同的付款条件是D/A
8.一国通货膨胀加重,本币对外币的汇率必然贬值

五,填空 (1分/1题)
1.等产量曲线的主要特征为____,____,_____.
2.财政政策的主要工具包括____,____,_____.
3.由于差价税是随着国内外价格的变动而变动,因此,它是一种______.
4.1995年1月1日欧洲联盟成员数量由___国扩大到___国.

六.回答问题(6分/题)
1.为什么传统的经济学认为市场机制本身解决不了环境污染问题?你认为采取什么政策可以解决?为什么?
2.已知某垄断厂商的需求函数为P=47-0.5Q,边际成本函数为MC=5+Q,问:该厂商的产品价格与销售数量应分别为多少才可以使其实现利润最大化?

七,分析下列案例(7分)
1.某企业按CFR条件从伦敦进口货物一批,已向中保财产保险有限公司投保了平安险(FPA).货物从伦敦装船后,因受恶劣天气袭击,部分货物遭受水渍损失.其后,载货船舶在运输中又曾发生触礁事故,但货物幸未受影响.
试分析上述货物在装运港伦敦装船以后,因恶劣天气所遭受的水渍损失能否向保险公司取得补偿.

八.回答问题(国贸专业答,20分)
1.叙述产业内贸易的特点与形成的原因

九.回答(金融专业答,20分)
1.我国某公司从日本进口机器设备一套,价值总额为1亿日元,经双方协商确定,我方可在美元和日元中任何一种货币作为计价货币,而支付货币为日元.已知:签约时汇价为1美元=100日元,付汇时汇价为1美元=80日元.
(1).我方最终选择日元作为计价货币是否合适?为什么? (3分)
(2).日元对美元时上浮还是下浮了? (2分)
(3).若用日元作为支付货币,多付了还是少付了多少日元? (3分)

2.某企业向某欧洲银行借款100,000美元,期限为3个月,年利率12%.
(1).该笔贷款的利息时先付还是后付,还是提用贷款后付? (2分)
(2).该笔贷款的利息时多少美元? (4分)
(3).该企业是按100,000美元还本还是按多少美元还本? (2分)
(4).该企业实际担负的利率是12%,还是多少? (4分)
12#
 楼主| 黎明前的荣耀 发表于 08-5-30 19:48:12 | 只看该作者
2004年国际贸易学综合试题
一.判断  (每题1分,共5分)
1、在均衡的国民收入水平上,非计划存货投资必须等于零,且计划投资与实际投资必须相
等。(   )
2、当政府对某一行业的产品实施最低限价政策时,通常会导致该行业单位供给减少,市场
需求增加。(   )
3、根据国际商会《2000年通则》的规定,如果买方想采取铁路运输,愿意办理进出口清关
手续并承担其中的费用,买方可以采用FCA贸易术语。(   )
4、根据国际惯例,保兑行审核单据无误而付款后,若开证行倒闭或无理拒付,则保兑行有
权向受益人索要货款。(   )
5、2002年8月国际货币基金组织有关数据表明,中国是2001年黄金储备增长最多的国家。
(   )

二.单项选择 (每题1分,共5分)
1、垄断厂商面对两个相互独立、需求弹性不同的市场时,为获取最大利润,厂商应该实?br /> (   )。
A、同一价格 B、一级价格歧视 C、二级价格歧视  D、三级价格歧视
2、厂商对要素的需求取决于(  )。
A、要素的边际生产力 B、产品的价格 C、要素的平均产量  D、要素的供给量
3、一切险与水渍险各项保险责任的不同之处在于(    )的赔偿。
A、自然灾害所造成的单独海损
B、意外事故所造成的全部或部分损失
C、一般外来原因所造成的损失
D、特殊外来原因所造成的损失
4、下列哪一项属于国际收支的长期性不平衡:(   )。
A、结构性不平衡  B、收入性不平衡 C、周期性不平衡  D、货币性不平衡
5、下列属于三级储备资产的有(    )。
A、活期存款 B、短期存款  C、黄鸫⒈?nbsp; D、普通提款权

三、多项选择(每题2分,共10分)
1、对于生产函数Q=f(L,K)和成本方程C=w*L+r*K来说,在最优的生产要素组合点上应该有(       )。
A、等产量曲线和等成本线相切
B、MRTS(lk)=w/r
C、MRTS(lk)=-△K/△L=MP(K)/MP(L)
D、MP(L)/w=MP(K)/r
2、按《UCP500》规定,除非另有约定,卖方不得提交(    )。
A、舱面提单             B、已装船提单           C、清洁提单
D、不清洁提单           E、指示提单
3、一项合同成立的有效条件包括(      )。
A、当事人必须具有签订合同的行为能力     B、合同必须有对价或约因
C、合同的内容必须合法                   D、合同必须符合法律规定的形式
E、合同当事人的意思必须真实
4、在下列IMF贷款类型中,属于普通贷款的是(     )。
A、缓冲库存贷款                         B、中期贷款
C、信托基金贷款                         D、补充贷款
5、下列能在合同有效期任何一天交割的有(      )。
A、欧式期权                             B、美式期权
C、择期                                 D、远期合同


四、名词解释(每题4分,共16分)
1、经济增长的黄金分割率
2、纳什均衡
3、一价定律
4、寄售

五、简述(每题10分,共30分)
1、新凯恩思主义是如何结实价格和工资粘性的?由此提出的经济稳定政策是什么?
2、简述产业内贸易说的核心内容
3、特里芬两难为何构成布雷顿森林体系的致命缺陷?

六、论述与分析题(第1、2题每题10分,第3题14分,共34分)
1、美国对包括钢铁、汽车及纺织品在内的许多产品实行配额。经济学家们估算通过拍卖配额权,美国财政部门每年至少获得100亿美元的收入,假定美国的服装市场在无贸易的条件下,国内的服装均衡价格为8美元/1单位,交易数量为200单位。而服装的世界市场价格为
4美元/1单位,美国在自由贸易条件下,美国的服装价格降至4美元,国内生产者只供给100单位,需进口200单位才能满足国内的需求。现假定美国政府的服装配额为100单位,并将配额按一年的进口量分配给各进口国,请图示美国的服装配额进行分析:
(1)美国的服装交易量和价格是多少?
(2)配额导致的效率损失是多少?
(3)拍卖配额权会带来什么影响?

2、我某进出口公司于5月15日向外商A发盘并限其18日复到我方。A于16日上午10时向当地邮局交发关于接受我方发盘的电报。但由于当地邮局工人罢工,该电报在传递途中延误到22日才送达我方。我公司认为对方答复逾期,未予置理,并将货物以较高价格售予外商B。5月25日,A来电称:信用证已经开出,要求我方尽早出运货物。我方立即复电A,声明接受到达过晚,双方并不存在合同关系。因此,双方发生争执。试根据《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的有关规定,分析双方孰是孰非?并说明理由。

3、试析战略性外购(strategic outsourcing)的合理性。
七、专业英语(每题25分,共50分)
1、The Taylor Rule:Could a Robot Replace Alan Greenspan?
       Macroeconomist John Taylor of Stanford University Calls for a
       New Monetary Rule That Would Institutionalize Appropriate Fed
       Policy Responses to Changes in Real Output and Inflation.
In our discussion of rules versus discretion, “rules” were associated with a
passive monetary policy--one in which the monetary rule required that the Fed
expand the money supplyai a fixed annual rate regardless of the state of the
economy.“Discretion”on the other hand, was associated with an active monetary
policy in which the Fed changed the interest rate in response to actual or
anticipated changes in the economy.
Economist John Taylor has put a new twist on the rule-versus-discretion debate
by suggesting a hybrid policy rule that dictates the precise active monetary
actions the Fed should take when changes in the economy occur.This so-called
Taylor rule combines traditional monetarism, with its emphasis on a monetary
rule, and the more mainstream view that active monetary policy is a useful tool
for taming inflation and limiting recession. Unlike the Friedman monetary rule,
the Taylor rule holds, for example, that monetary policy should respond to
changes in both real GDP and inflation, not simply inflation. The key adjustment
is the interest rate, not the money supply.
The Taylor rule has three parts:
● If real GDP rises 1 percent above potential GDP, the Fed should raise the
   Federal Funds rate(the interbank rate of overnight loans),relative to the
   current inflation rate, by .5 percent.
● If inflation rises by 1 percent above its target of 2 percent, then the Fed
   should raise the Federal funds rate by .5 percent relative to the inflation
   rate.
● When the real GDP is equal to potential GDP and inflation is equal to its
   target rate of 2 percent, the Federal funds rate remain at about 4 percent,
   which would imply a real interest rate of 2 percent.
Taylor has nerther suggested nor implied that a robot, programmed with the
Taylor rule, should replace Alan Greenspan,chairman of the Federal Reserve
System.The Fed\'s discretion to override the rule(or “contingency plan for
policy”)would be retained,but the Fed would renove the “mystery”associated
with monetary policy and increase he Fed\'s accountability.Also,says Taylor, if
used consistently, the rule would enable market participants to predice Fed
behavior, and this would increase Fed credibility and reduce uncertainty.
Critics of the Taylor rule admit it is more in tune with countercyclical Fed
policy than with Friedman\'s simple monetary rule. But they bo reason to limit
the Fed\'s discretion in adjusting interest rates as it sees fit to achieve
stabilization and growth.Monetary policy may be more art than science. The
critics also point our that the Fed has done a remarkable job of promoting
price stability, full employment, and economic growth over the past decade.
In view of this succes, they ask,“Why saddle the Fed with a highly mechanical
monetary rule?”

2、Petition of the Candlemakers, 1845
       French Economist Fredric Bastiat(1801-1850) Devastated the
       Proponents of Prorectionism by Satircally Extending their
       Reasoning to Its Logical and Abusurd Conclusions.
Petitogogo,Candlesticks,Street Lamps,Snuffers,Extinguishers,and of the Prodecers of Oil Tallow,Rosin,Alcohol,and,
Generally,of Everything Connected with Lighting.

TO MESSIEURS THE MEMBERS OF THE CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES
Gentlemen--You are on the right road.You rreject abstract theories,and have
little consideration for cheapness and plenty,You chief care is the interest of
producer.You desire to emancipate him from external conpetition, and reserve the
national market for national industry.
We are abour to offer you an admirable opportunity of applying your--what shall
we call it?No;nothing is more deceptive than theory;your doctrine?your system?
your principle?but you dislike doctrines,you abhor systems,and as principles,you
deny that there are any in social economy:we shall say,then,your practice,your
practice without theory and wothour principle.
We are suffering from the intolerable competition of a foreign ribal,palced,it
would seem,in a condition so far superior to ours for the prodection fo light,
that the absolutely inundates our national market with it at a price fabulously
reduced.The moment he shows himself,our trade leaves us--all consumer apply to
him;and a branch of native industry,having countless ramifications,is all at
once rendered completely stagnant.This rival...is no other than the Sun.
What we pray for is,that is mat please you to pass a law ordering the shuttling
up all of windows,skylights,dormer windows,outside and inside shutters,curtains,
blinds,bull\'s-eyes;in a word,of all openings,holes,chinks,clefts,and fissures,by
or thought which the light of the sun has been in ues to enter houses,to the
prejudice of the meritorious magogo we
have accommodated our country,--a country which,in gratitude,ought not to
abandon us now to a strife so unequal.
If more tallow is consumed,then there must be more oxen and sheep;and
consequently,we shall be hold the multiplication of artificial meadows,meat,wool,hides,and,above all,manure,which is the basis and foundation of all
agricultural wealth.
The same remark applies to navigation.Thousand of vessels will proceed to the whale fishery;and,in a short time,we shall possess a navy capable of maintaining
the honor of France,and gratifying the patriotic aspirations of your petitioners,the undersigned candlemankers and others.
Only have the goodness th relfect,Gentlemen,and you will be convinced that there
is perhaps,no Frenchman,from the wealth coalmaster to humblest vender of lucifer
matches,whose lot will be ameliorater by success of this our petition.
13#
 楼主| 黎明前的荣耀 发表于 08-5-30 19:48:50 | 只看该作者
2003年国际贸易学综合试题

一、   填空(每空1.5分,共9分)
1、   商品的边际替代率是指,在(  )不变的前提下,每增加一单位的某种商品而需要减少的另一种商品的数量。
2、   哈罗德认为一个国家的经济增长率取决于(  )和(  )。
3、   正常关税一般是指(  )。
4、   一国持有国家储备的成本指(  )与利息之差。
5、   IMF会员国的投票权主要取决于他们的(  )。

二、   判断下列各题的叙述是否正确,正确的划勾,错误的划差。(每小题1.5分,共9分)
1、   垄断厂商在实现短期均衡时,可能会出现亏损,即经济利润为负。
2、   国民经济中只要有摩擦性事业或资源性事业存在,就不能说经济实现了充分就业。
3、   按照国际商会制定的《2000通则》中的D组贸易术语成交的合同均属于\"到达合同\"(Arrival Contract),在这类合同下,
卖方均无办理货运保险的义务。
4、   WTO《海关估价协议》规定了六种海关估价的办法,它们是进口商品的成交价格、相同商品的成交价格、类似商品的成交价格、
倒扣法、计算价格法和合理办法。
5、   2002年6月经中国人民银行批准,渣打银行成为首家获准向中国内地居民和企业提供外币服务的外资银行。
6、   择期是一种可以放弃合约履行的外汇业务。

三、   单项选择题(每题1.5分,共6分)
1、   在垄断厂商的长期均衡产量上可以有:
A 、P >LAC
B、 P <LAC
C、 P 等于最小的LAC
D、 以上情况都可能存在

2、   原产地规则是指:
A、   某一国家或地区为确定货物生产过程的最后生产地点而实施的普遍适用的法律、法规及行政决定。
B、   某一国家或地区为确定货物的\"国籍\"而实施的普遍适用的法律、法规及行政决定。
C、   某一国家或地区为确定货物的原材料产地而实施的普遍适用的法律、法规及行政决定。
D、   某一国家或地区为确定货物的技术来源地而实施的普遍适用的法律、法规及行政决定。

3、   下列有关独家代理的说法中,正确的是:
A、   委托人在代理区域内,还可指定其他的一般代理人
B、   委托人要维护代理人的独家专营权,否则要承担违约责任。
C、   委托人直接与代理区域内的客户订立合同时,代理人不能享受佣金。
D、   独家代理只能用于商品买卖中,一般代理可用于其他业务。

4、   当下列哪种情况出现时,货币贬值有利于改善贸易收支:
出口需求弹性DX,出口供给弹性SX,进口需求弹性DI,进口供给弹性SI
A、   DX+DI>I
B、   DX+DI<
C、   SX+SI>I
D、   SX+SI<I

四、   多项选择题(每题2.5分,共10分)
1、   下列哪些项目可计入GDP:
A、   政府转移支付
B、   购买一辆新的载重卡车
C、   购买一辆新的载重卡车模型玩具
D、   购买一块地产

2、   出口管制的商品主要包括:
A、   战略物资及其有关的先进技术资料,如武器,军事设备等
B、   对国内生产所需的原材料、半成品及国内市场供应不足的某些必需品
C、   密集使用本国丰裕生产要素的产品
D、   某些重要的文物、艺术品、黄金、白银等特殊品

3、   根据国际惯例,下列有关可转让信用证的说明中,正确的是:
A、   可转让信用证的受益人可以将信用证金额转让给一个或一个以上的人使用
B、   可转让信用证的转让以一次为限,因此只有第一和第二受益人没有第三受益人
C、   可转让信用证中必须注明可转让(Transferable)字样,否则不能转让
D、   可转让信用证的第二受益人因故不能履约时,也不能将信用证转回给第一受益人
4、   套汇的主要方式有:
A、   两角套汇
B、   三角套汇
C、   套利
D、   套期保值

五、   简单准确解释下列名词(每题4分,共16分)
1、   局部均衡和一般均衡
2、   机会成本
3、   技术性贸易壁垒
4、   根本性违约

六、   论述与分析题(第1题10分,第2、3题各15分,第4题10分,共50分)
1、   国际储备管理的原则和内容是什么?

2、   如何理解经济全球化条件下各国贸易政策的竞争与协调关系。


3、   假定某一化工厂生产的产品需求函数为:P=600-2Q,成本函数为CP=3Q^2-400Q+40000
(1)   求利润最大时的产量、价格和利润
(2)   若由于外部不经济(环境污染)使社会受到损失从而使社会成本函数为 CS=4.25Q^2-400Q+40000试求帕累托最优
的产量和价格应为多少:
(3)   简单说明外部不经济对资源配置效率的影响,政府应该相应采取什么措施解决外部不经济问题?

4、   某年9月中旬,A公司有一机器设备要出售,向国外某客户B公司发盘。发盘中介绍了设备情况,报了价格,并规定发盘
有效期为9月底之前。B公司研究了发盘条件 ,认为可以接受,但没有向发盘人表示接受的意向,而是派代理人直接到A公司所
在地办理购买手续并安排接运设备事宜。但在20日,C公司得知A公司要出售设备的消息,便派人到现场付款后提货。9月25日B
公司的代理人赶到A公司所在地时,发现所要设备已被他人提走,便要求A公司赔偿他的损失。对此A公司认为双方之间没有合同
关系,予以拒绝。请问,B公司是否有权向A公司索赔?并请说明理由。
七、   专业英语(英译中,第1题15分,第2题15分,第3题20分,共50分)

1.let\'s really clean up those numbers----now

Little noticed in the shock of WorldCom Inc.\'s massive accounting fraud is that it came to light only
after a review initiated by the company\'s audit committee. Yes, believe it or not, the directors in the
boardroom actually asked their auditors to take another look at the numbers.
Lo and behold, that review let to the largest single restatement ever: a $3.8 billion reduction in previously
reported pretax income. Together with Xerox Corp\'s recent concession that it overstated operating earnings
by $1.4billion, these two corporate meaculpas alone nearly match the combined total hit of $5.8 billion from
all 463 restatements in 1998,1999, and 2000.
How much worse can it get? Plenty. It\'s not that we\'ll likely see numbers as breathtaking as those as WorldCom
or Xerox. But expect a tidal wave of restatements to come in what will surely amount to some sort of accounting
chatharsis. If ever there was a time for companies to come clean, it\'s now. Over the years, the quality of
financial reporting has varied widely. Some companies did the bare minimum to meet accounting standards. Others
were more cautious. To get beyond the current stock market malaise, companies need to flush out the excesses
so investors can regain their confidence in our financial system. It\'s better to take a hit now than risk
dragging this out over the next few years.

2.Happy birthday, Milton Friedman

Milton Friedman\'s professional career has been marked by controversy over his many policy proposals. Yet as he
approaches his 90th birthday, Friedman is increasingly recognized as the most influential economist in a 20th
century that witnessed towering contributions from John Maynard Keynes, Paul A. Samuelson, and others.
Friedman is best known for \"monetarism\", a view that stability in the growth of the money supply is crucial
to controlling inflation and recessions. Although the relation between the money supply and the economy has
often been highly variable, no less an authority than Fedral Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan has indicated
that Friedman\'s emphasis on a stable monetary framework was instrumental in guiding central banks in Europe
and the U.S. toward low inflation during the pass two decades.
Before Friedman, economic conventional wisdom held that inflation reduces unemployment because prices rise
faster than labor costs. In the late 1960s, Friedman argued instead that there is no permanent reduction in
unemployment from continuing inflation because wages eventually catch up to prices as expectations about
inflation become more accurate. His analysis has been validated twice since then----by the high U.S. the \'90
even though inflation was negligible.
Two decades before Chile introduces its revolutionary private individual account retirement system, Friedman\'s
classic 1962 book Capitalism and Freedom criticized the prevailing pay-as-you -go Social Security systems for
restricting the ability of individuals to choose how much and in what form to save for retirement, and for mixing
a welfare program for elderly poor with a compulsory program that applies to all the elderly. Has his advice been
followed twenty years ago, there would be no impending Social Security financing crisis in the U.S. and other
developed nations with aging population.

3. Are Force Majeure Clauses Exclusion Clauses?

In order to differentiate an exclusion or limitation clause from a force majeure clause we must first define
exactly what we mean by exclusion clauses and examine their effect on the contractual relations of the
parties. We might then usefully compare the operatiogogo to that of force majeure clauses.
A tripartite distinction betweegogo: \" Protective conditions are three
distinct types: first, those which limit or reduce what would otherwise be the defendant\'s duty; second,
those which exclude the defendant\'s liability for breach of specified aspects of that duty, and third, those
which limit the extent to which the defendant is bound to indemnify the plaintiff in respect of the consequences
of breaches of that duty.\" The difference between the first two categories is said to be this: in the first case
there is no breach of contract since there is no obligation to perform in the circumstances which have
arisen, whilst in the second case there is a breach but the liability to pay damages in respect of it has
been removed.
Force majeure clauses, it seems, go to limit the extent of the obligation assumed by the promisor. They do not
operate so as to shield a promisor from liability for a breach of contract. A force majeure clause will ensure
that non-performance is no breach because no performance was due in the circumstances that have occurred.
14#
 楼主| 黎明前的荣耀 发表于 08-5-30 19:49:36 | 只看该作者
2002年国贸学专业综合试卷

一、填空(每空1分,共8分)
1、在某一垄断竞争行业中,各厂商所生产的产品既存在___________,同时又具有___________。
2、以收益形式表现的生产要素边际生产力通常被称为___________。
3、凯恩斯主义认为,___________是西方国家最通常使用的、最主要使用的货币政策工具。
4、普惠制条件下,收惠国向给惠国输出的商品享受关税优惠的程度取决于普惠制与___________税之间的差额。
5、国际贸易包含世界各国之间商品和服务的交换活动和___________的国家间流动,它反映了世界各国在经济上的互相依存关系。
6、世界贸易组织在金融领域所追求的两大目标是___________和___________。

二、判断(每小题1分,共8分)
1、( )当录像机的价格上升时,录像带的需求量会减少,这是因为录像机和录像带之间存在着替代性。
2、( )厂商增加一单位产量时所增加的可变成本等于边际成本。
3、( )在均衡的国民收入水平上,非计划存货投资和计划存货都必须等于零。
4、( )在开放经济中,一国只能通过实施货币政策而不是通过实施财政政策实现充分就业和国际收支平衡。
5、( )长期性商品倾销往往有赖于规模经济或政府出口补贴的支持。
6、( )国际贸易额是世界各国进口额与出口额的总和。
7、( )蒙代尔-弗莱明模型认为,在浮动汇率制、货币自由流动和货币自主权之间存在着三难选择。
8、( )金融服务附录规定,审慎监管措施受服务贸易总协定其他条款的限制。

三、单选 (每题1分,共7分)
1、等成本曲线向内移动表明___________。
A、成本降低了 B、生产要素的价格按相同比例下降了
C、成本减少了 D、生产要素的价格按不同比例下降了
2、有效关税率代表着___________部分的有效保护。
A、产品增值 B、最终产品 C、原材料 D、中间产品
3、政府机构在采购货物时优先购买本国产品的政策,属于___________。
A、歧视性政府采购政策 B、进口押金制
C、进出口国家垄断 D、特许经营
4、某信用证中规定受益人为A公司,但向银行议付时提交的提单上,发货人却是B公司,这种情况下,根据UCP500的规定___________。
A、构成了单证不符,银行不会接受 B、不够成单证不符,银行必须接受
C、除非信用证另有规定,银行可以接受 D、除非信用证另有规定,银行将不接受
5、根据《联合国国际货物销售公约》的规定,一项接受由于邮政或电讯部门的延误,送达发盘人时超过了发盘的有效期,那么___________。
A、除非发盘人及时提出异议,该逾期接受仍然有效
B、只要发盘人及时表示确认,该逾期接受仍然有效
C、如果受盘人能够提供确切证据,则该逾期接受有效
D、即使受盘人能提供确切证据,该逾期接受仍然无效
6、国际银行设施属于离岸金融中心的___________。
A、功能中心 B、基金中心 C、名义中心 D、收放中心
7、择期业务与期权业务最主要的区别是___________。
A、经营机构少 B、币种与金额所受限制不同
C、能否放弃合约的自主权不同 D、期限不同

四、多项选择 (每题2分,共6分)
1、对外贸易政策由以下内容组成___________。
A、对外贸易总政策 B、产业政策
C、商业政策 D、进出口商品政策 E、国别地区政策
2、A公司与马来西亚的B公司签定了包销协议,出口某中成药。不久,A公司又与当地的C公司签订了经销合同,向其出口同样的中成药。这种情况下___________。
A、A公司的行为构成了违约,因为他损害了B公司的独家专营权
B、A公司不构成违约行为,因为他并没有授予B公司独家专营权
C、签订包销协议后,A公司仍可自行向当地出口,但不能再指定包销商
D、签订包销协议后,A公司既不能自行向当地出口,也不能再指定包销商
3、银行的资金来源除会员国交纳的股本外,还包括___________。
A、借款 B、份额 C、债券转让 D、利润收入 E、捐赠收入

五、名词解释 (每题3分,共15分)
价格歧视
出口信贷国家担保
要素价格均等化定理
特里芬难题
保付代理

六、简述 (每题6分,共18分)
1、证明短期生产函数和短期成本函数的对偶关系,并简单说明它们的变动规律。
2、根据国际商会制定的URC522的解释,简述托收方式下银行的职责和免责问题。
3、简述外汇风险的构成要素及其相互关系。

七、论述 (每题10分,共20分)
1、试述EU与APEC的异同?
2、结合我国近几年来彩电市场经历的大减价、限产联盟、限价联盟等,试分析我国的彩电行业属于什么市场结构?上述措施能否有效的解决彩电市场的激烈竞争?为什么?

八、案例分析 (第一题10分,第二题8分,共18分)
1、 出口商A与进口商B达成一笔机电产品的买卖合同,合同中规定由A商向B商提供两种型号的产品。其中,型号Ⅰ的产品400箱,型号Ⅱ的产品200箱,但不久A商接到国外来证,却发现信用证中将两种型号的数量弄颠倒了,变成了型号Ⅰ的产品200箱,型号Ⅱ的产品400箱。请问A商如果按合同执行和按信用证执行各会遇到什么问题?正确的做法应该是什么?

2、 假设某经济的消费函数为C=100+0.8Y(其中Y为个人可支配收入),投资I=100,政府购买支出G=200,政府转移支付TR=62.5(单位均为10亿美元),税率t=0.25。问:
(1)均衡国民收入是多少?
(2)投资乘数和政府税收乘数分别是多少?
(3)当政府将一笔支出用在政府购买上对国民收入的影响是否和将这一笔支出用在政府转移支付上对国民收入的影响一样?为什么?
1.The True, Peaceful Face of Islam

There are 1.2 billion Muslims in the world, and Islam is the world’s fastest-growing religion. If the evil carnage we witnessed on Sept. 11 were typical of the faith, and Islam truly inspired and justified such violence, its growth and the increasing presence of Muslims in both Europe and the U.S. would be a terrifying prospect. Fortunately, this is not the case.

The very word Islam, which means “surrender”, is related to the Arabic salam, or peace. When the Prophet Muhammad brought the inspired scripture known as Koran to the Arabs in the early 7th century A. D., a major part of his mission was devoted precisely to bringing an end to the kind of mass slaughter we witnessed in New York City and Washington. Pre-Islamic Arabia was caught up in a vicious cycle of warfare, in which tribe fought tribe in a pattern of vendetta and counter-vendetta. Muhammad himself survived several assassination attempts, and the early Muslin community narrowly escaped extermination by the powerful city of Mecca. The Prophet had to fight a deadly war in order to survive, but as soon as he felt his people were probably safe, he devoted his attention to building up a peaceful coalition of tribes and achieved victory by an ingenious and inspiring campaign of non-violence. When he died in 632, he had almost single-handedly brought peace to war-torn Arabia.

Because the Koran was revealed in the context of an all-out war, several passages deal with the conduct of armed struggle. Warfare was a desperate business on the Arabian Peninsula. A chieftain was not expected to spare survivors after a battle, and some of the Koran injunctions seem to share this spirit. Muslims are ordered by God to “slay [enemies] wherever you find them!”. Extremists such as Osama bin laden like to quote such verses but do so selectively. They do not include the exhortation to peace, which in almost every case follow these more ferocious passages:” Thus, if they let you be, and do not make war on you, and offer you peace, God does not allow you to harm them.

Islam is not addicted to war, and jihad is not one of its “pillars”, or essential practices. The primary meaning of the word jihad is not ”holy war” but “struggle”. It refers to the different effort that is needed to put God’s will into practice at every level-personal and social as well as political. A very important and much quoted tradition has Muhammad telling his companions as they go home after a battle. “We are returning from the lesser jihad [the battle] to the greater jihad,” the far more urgent and momentous task of extirpating wrongdoing from one’s own society and one’s own heart.

---Time, October 1st 2001.


2.Women at work

Throughout American history, the proportion of women who work to provide for themselves or their families has always very high, What has changed---and has changed dramatically---is how many women earn a wage. After the rise of industrial capitalism in the nineteenth century, men increasingly sold their labor on the market. Most American women, however, continued to work without pay inside the home or on the family farm. This has changed. Most Americans now regard the rigidly enforced isolation of women from the labor force as out of step with contemporary business and culture. For over a century, at any given time more than 80 percent of men have earned a wage or salary. One hundred years ago, only about 20 percent women earned a wage or salary. Today, over 70percent do. Historians will report that the entrance of large numbers of women into the labor force was the most profound shift in the demographic composition of U.S. workers in the twentieth century. Indeed, it could be argued soundly that it was the century’s preeminent sociocultural change as well. Wage-earning women in the industrial democracies today have greater earning power than women have ever had in the history of the West.
Many see the World War II ear, with its tight labor market and Rosie the Riveter” campaigns as the watershed period for women’s first beginning to work for wages in large numbers. Such exclusive attention to the temporary upsurge cause by the war, though, risks ignoring how there has been a trend toward increasing labor force participation throughout the development of the American market economy.

There can be little doubt that, on balance, a woman’s expectation to earn a wage has been liberating . The labor power of today’s women allows personal and professional choices to be made that were unavailable in the past. Some worry, however, that the economic agency that women have gained by entering the labor force is culturally hollow, At very least, the grand social transformation that many feminists hoped would follow after large number of hours outside the home still earn less on average than their male coworkers and are often excluded from positions of authority, yet continue to bear disproportionate responsibility for completing household chores.

---America by the Numbers

3.The Knowledge Economy

Economists continue to search for the foundations of economic growth. Traditional “production functions” focus on labor, capital, materials and energy; knowledge and technology are external influences on production. Now analytical approaches are being developed so that knowledge can be included more directly in production functions. Investments in knowledge can increase the productive capacity of the other factors of production as well as transform them into new products and processes. And since these knowledge investments are characterized by increasing (rather than decreasing) returns, they are the key to long-term economic growth.

The most visible sign of the knowledge-based economy is the emergence of the “information society”. Information technology has speeded up the codification of knowledge, transforming it into a market commodity: large chunks of knowledge can be codified and transmitted over computer and communications networks. The use of personal computers has more than doubled in the last decade. These computers can be linked nationally and internationally. Through computer networks, knowledge is more accessible to a wider group of people and cheaper to acquire.
Knowledge itself is becoming a more marketable product, and its spread is transforming other goods and services and creating new markets. The spiraling number of information services available on the Internet, raging from job searches to medical advice, is one example. The transformation of several disciplines—measurements, navigation, chemistry, music, surgery, telecommunications—by laser technology is another. Agogoible to the world economy swells, it is driving economic growth. The increase in knowledge accessibility and lower barriers to entry are also enhancing the role of the entrepreneur.

---The Knowledge Economy

4.Capacity to Be a Principal

Nor every person or entity may be a principal. To be a principal, one must have the capacity to execute a contract. Minors, incompetents, and other natural persons with limited contractual capacity may be restricted in their ability to be a principal or even prohibited entirely from becoming a principal. Adult persons of limited mental capacities or adults who are temporarily incapacitated (for example, while intoxicated) are not permitted to appoint agents freely. Under modern legal theory, minors have contractual capacity for necessities and thus may be principals and appoint agents for any item deemed to be necessary (food, shelter, and so on). This complicated by the fact that there is no uniform definition of what falls within the term “necessary”. Consequently, the practical result is that very few people are willing to contract with minors for anything, and even fewer people will deal with the agent of minor.
A corporation has contractual capacity and can be a principal. The corporation’s ability to appoint an agent is limited to the scope of activities authorized in its articles of incorporation. This caused some problems igogoed to draft the articles of incorporation to encompass only those activities contemplated by the incorporations (for example, to operate a railroad). However, since modern legal practice is to create a corporation with the ability to conduct any business the law allows, there are few limitations on a corporation’s capacity to act as a principal.

Partnerships can usually act as principals, although there are two legal theories to explain how. Where the law does not treat a partnership as a legal entity, the partnership itself is not technically capable of being a principal. In these jurisdictions, because the partnership lacks contractual capability, the individual partners are deemed to be the principal and the partnership’s agent is really the agent of the partners. In the jurisdictions where a partnership is a legal entity, this fiction need not be observed, and the partnership can act directly as a principal through its agents.

---McGill’s Legal Aspects of Life Insurance

5.Financial Derivatives

In the past two decades, we have witnessed the revolutionary period in the trading of financial derivatives or contingent claims in financial markets around world. A derivative security may be defined as a security whose value depends on the values of other more basic underlying variables, which may be the prices of traded securities, prices of commodities or stock indices. The two most common derivative securities are futures and options. A forward contract ( called a futures contract if traded on exchange ) is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future for a predetermined price while an option gives the holder the right ( but not the obligation ) to buy or sell an asset by a certain date for a predetermined price.

Options are classified either as a call option or a put option. A call ( or put ) is a contract which gives the holder the right to buy ( or sell ) a prescribed asset, known as the underlying asset, by a certain date ( expiration date ) for a predetermined price ( commonly called the exercise price or the strike price ). Since the holder is given the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell the asset, he will make the decision depending on whether the deal is favorable to him or not. The option is said to be exercised on the expiration date, then the option is called a European option, while the exercise is allowed at any time prior to the expiration date, then it is called an American option ( these term have nothing to do with their continental origins ). The simple call and put options with no special features are commonly called plain vanilla options. Also, we have options coined with names like Asian option, lookback option, barrier option etc.

The other party to the holder of the option in the contract is called the writer of the option. The holder and the writer are said to be in the long and short positions of the option contract, respectively. Unlike the holder, he writer does have an obligation with regard to the option contract, say, the writer must sell the asset if the holder chooses in his favor to buy the asset. This is zero-sum game. The holder gains from the loss of writer or vice versa.
15#
 楼主| 黎明前的荣耀 发表于 08-5-30 19:50:11 | 只看该作者
2001年国际贸易学综合试题

一、填空(每空1分,共9分)
1、当某一厂商使用劳动L和资本K两种可变要素进行一种产品生产时,厂商实现劳动和资
本要素最佳投入的条件是————。
2、对单个厂商来说,只有在————市场结构中,厂商的平均收益、边际收益和价格相
等。
3、货币学派把————作为货币政策的唯一控制指标,该政策建议被称为————。
4、进口国队倾销商品征收反倾销税必须具备的条件为————。
5、根据国际商会的《2000通则》的解释,在F组术语中适用于各种运输方式的贸易术语
是————。
6、《国际货币基金协定》条款规定:当一种货币在货币基金组织的库存下降到该会员国
份额的75%以下时,货币基金组织可将该会员国货币宣布为————,并按逆差国的需
要进行限额分配;逆差国有权对该国货币采取临时的————。
二、判断下列各题的叙述是否正确,正确的在每小题前面的括号内划√错误的划×(每
小题1分,共10分)
1、( )当厂商以降低产品价格增加销量时,一定会带来销售额的增加。
2、( )公共产品与私人产品的区别在于:公共产品应由政府部门提供,而私人产品是
由私人企业生产。
3、( )货币投机需求曲线向右下方倾斜是因为较低的利率增加了持有货币的机会成本

4、( )在其他条件不变的情况下,自发性净出口的增加可导致IS曲线向右移动。
5、( )依照总贸易体制,以国境为标准统计进口,凡进入国境的商品,不论其是否办
理通关手续,一律列入进口,作为总进口的一部分。
6、( )进口替代贸易发展模式是以进口产品取代国内生产的同类产品的贸易发展模式

7、( )世界有形商品贸易额是各国和地区有形商品贸易额只和。
8、( )理论上说,国际收支的不平衡指自主性交易的不平衡,但在统计上很难做到。

9、( )买方期权和买方期权是同一期权交易的两个方面。
10、( )扬基债券和武士债券分别是在美国和日本发行的两种欧洲债券。
三、单项选择题(将正确答案填写在括号内,每题1分,共9分)
1、既考虑到出口商品劳动生产率的变化,又考虑到进口商品劳动生产率变化的贸易条件
为:
A、收入贸易条件;B、单项因素贸易条件;C、净贸易条件;D、双项因素贸易条件
答案(  )
2、按国内价格与进口价格之间的差额征收的关税为:
A、最惠国税;B、普惠税;C、特惠税;D、差价税
答案(  )
3、普遍优惠制的三个基本原则是:
A、普遍的、非歧视的、互惠的;B、普遍的、附加条件的、对等的;C、普遍的、非歧视
的、非互惠的;D、有选择的、附加条件的、对等的
答案(  )
4、欧洲联盟对农畜产品征收差价税,按照( )的差额征收。
A、指标价格与进口价格;B、门槛价格与进口价格;C、指标价格与门槛价格;D、干预
价格与进口价格
答案(  )
5、当被保险人投保水渍险时,保险人承保的责任范围不包括:
A、保险标的的实际全损和推定全损;B、因意外事故导致的部分损失;C、因共同海损所
造成的牺牲和费用;D、因外来风险所造成的货物损失
答案(  )
6、下列关于海运提单与提单的区别的说法中,错误的说法是:
A、提单是运输契约的证明:海运单不是运输契约的证明:B、提单是货物所有权的凭证
:海运单不是货物所有权的凭证;C、提单的抬头不须标明收货人;D、提单是收货人提
货的凭证:海运单不是收货人提货的凭证
答案(  )
7、当处于通货膨胀和国际收支逆差的经济状况时,应采取下列什么政策搭配:
A、紧缩国内支出,本币升值;B、扩张国内支出,本币贬值;C、扩张国内支出,本币升
值:D、紧缩国内支出,本币贬值
答案(  )
8、假设美国投资者投资英镑CD,6个月收益5%,此期间英镑贬值9%,则投资英镑的有
效收益率为:
A、14.45%;B、-4.45%;C、14%;D、4%
答案(  )
9、当一个注册地点为中国大陆的公司在香港联交所上市时,我们称该公司为:
A、A股上市公司;B、B股上市公司;C、红筹股上市公司;D、H股上市公司
答案(  )
四、多项选择题(将正确答案填在括号内,每题1分,共6分)
1、邓宁的国际生产折衷理论认为,企业欲进行有利的海外投资活动必须具备:
A、所有权优势;B、内部化优势;C、比较优势;D、区位优势
答案(  )
2、在现代贸易条约与协定中,最常见的最惠国待遇适用的例外包括:
A、边境贸易;B、沿海贸易;C、关税贸易;D、过境贸易
答案(  )
3、乌拉圭回合达成的《服务贸易总协定》,将服务贸易定义为:
A、过境交付;B、境外消费;C、商业存在;D、自然人流动
答案(  )
4、我们说国际贸易术语一方面用来表示交易商品的价格构成,另一方面用以确定交货的
条件,这后者是指:
A、确定风险划分的界限;B、确定交货的方式;C、确定所有权转移的时间和方式;D、
划分交易双方承担的责任和费用
答案(  )
5、下列关于分期装运(Shipment by Instalment)的说法中与国际惯例的规定相符的说
法是:
A、规定分期装运条款时只须规定允许或不允许;B、规定分期装运时每批的交货数量必
须相对;C、分期装运条款中要规定每批货的数量和交货时间;D、任何一批未按规定装
运,信用证从该期开始作废
答案(  )
6、欧洲货币市场境内、外业务一体型的代表是:
A、纽约;B、伦敦;C、新加坡;D、香港
答案(  )
五、简单准确解释下列名次(每题3分,共18分)
1、挤出效应
2、帕累托最优
3、Restrictive Business Practice
4、逆汇汇票
5、外汇缓冲政策
6、马歇尔--勒纳条件
六、简述题(每题6分,共12分)
1、在国际货物买卖中,信用证与买卖合同之间的关系如何?
2、简述国际范围内金融业混业经营的主要表现及其内在动力。
七、论述题(每题10分,共20分)
1、为什么说在组建关税同盟的条件下,产业规模经济效应的存在可以增强成员国的贸易
创造效应,弱化贸易转移效应?
2、垄断是由什么原因造成的?为什么说垄断造成了市场失灵?政府能够采取有效的措施
限制垄断吗?为什么?
八、案例分析题(第1题7分,第2题9分,共16分)
1、中国的某公司购买产自伊朗的槽钢,合同规定应符合德国的DIN标准,但是制造商实
际是按俄国的ГОСТ标准生产的。由于德国的DIN和俄国的ГОСТ标准对同一规格的
槽钢规定的截面尺寸是不一致的,于是买方认为货物不符合合同,不能使用,但他没有
拒绝收获,也没有要求换货,而是向买方提出只能作为废钢回炉,要求按废钢降价处理
。你认为买方的做法是否正确?清说明理由。
2、美国的Sal\'s卫星公司向洛杉矶和纽约的订户发送电视节目。洛杉矶和纽约订户的市
场需求曲线分别为:
QLA=80-(2/3)PLA
QNY=80-(2/3)PNY
式中,Q以千户/年计,P是年定价。
Sal\'s卫星公司提供发送电视节目的服务成本为:
C=1000+30Q
其中,Q=QLA+QNY
问:
(1)在两个市场是分开的情况下,保证洛杉矶市场和纽约市场利润最大化的价格和数量
分别是多少?
(2)美国五角大楼部署了一颗新卫星,使居住在洛杉矶的人可以直接收到Sal\'s公司在
纽约发送的节目,而居住在纽约的人也可以直接收到Sal\'s公司在洛杉矶发送的节目,这
样纽约或洛杉矶的任何人只要在任一城市付费就可以收到Sal\'s公司的节目,因此Sal\'s
公司只能定单一的价格。Sal\'s公司的单一价格为多少?它在纽约和洛杉矶能销售多少数
量?
(3)上两种销售情况哪一种对Sal\'s公司来说利润更大?
1.The information revolution
Never in the history of this planet has humanity seen more change than w
itnessed over the last twenty years.After centuries-even millenniums-of human
civilization,only in this period has man found the means to connect instantly
and efficiently the consciousness of virtually every inhabitant on the earth.O
nly in the past decade have come the means to consolidate,organize,and access
all of the available knowledge that man has gained over the entire history
of humanity.And as if this mind-numbing pace of change has not been fast enoug
h,the forces that drive it promise to become even stronger and faster in the c
oming twenty years.Our race is in the midst of the information revolution-a re
volution that could change virtually every facet of human life.
From our vantage point ,it is still not possible to fully grasp the e
xtent and significance of the information
revolution .Things are moving too fast-propelled by advances in science and t
he forces of market economics to predict exactly how evolving technologies wil
l alter civilization on earth . The only thing that can be said for certain is
that major change is inevitable for all but the most remote fringes of human
society.We are heading at blinding speed into a complete new world built on a
foudation of the information and communication technology.

2.Recent Trends in international trade
Over the last decades,the foreign trade sector has grown dramatically in i
mportance worldwide .In 1960,as a percentage of nominal GDP,goods exports and
imports were 3.9 percent and 2.9 percent ,respectively.By 1997,goods exports
and imports shares had risen to 8.5 percent and 11.0 percent ,respectively.Dom
estic demand has increasingly been met by imports,while exports have become a
more significant factor underlying growth in manufacturing output.
What does the United States export and import ?In 1997,by principle end-u
se categories,export are led by capital goods excluding autos ,with second pla
ce held by industrial supplies and materials.Most imports for industrial suppl
ies and materials,followed by automotive vehicles,parts ,and engines.
Exports and imports flows between various trading partners have changes
significantly since the end of World WarII .Though still important,Wester
n Europe no longer dominates as the United states\' primary trading region.For
exports,Canada is by far the most important buyer of US goods.In 1996, Canada
also was the number one supplier of goods to the United States.In recent yea
rs , however ,Japan,China,and Mexico have become increasingly important .While
the United States\' largest unilateral trade deficit for goods is with Japan
,China\'s goods trade surplus with the United States has grown rapidly in rece
nt years.


3.contract in Cyberspace
The law of contracts,fashioned over centuries to fit the needs of parties w
ho transact ,is rich in human experience .It would be presumptuous to assume t
hat technological change will fundamentally alter the way we contract.It will
gogo has ,to accommodate cybers
pace .Although,contract law must change so that it provides certainty and enf
orceability over cyberspace transactions,technology must progress before this
can happen .Cyberspace security problems must be resolved ,for until transac
tions can be securely effected simply and with wide accessibility,business wi
ll lack the necessary comfort level.This may require patience. It\'s important
that the market resolve the technological issues first,or wu run the risk of l
aw dictating technology--a sub-optimal solution.The contact law that will emer
ge won\'t be a \"new\" or revolutionary contract law per se.Rather it will apply
old principles to the new enviroment,and over time will evolve to further
reflect cyberspace\'s idiosyncrasies.
Contract law issues that require immdiate legislative attention are: the st
atus of digital signature and their acceptability in Contracts , amendments t
o the Statue of Frauds\' writing and signing requirements ,legal support of
encryption use ,and criminalization of crypto-attacks ,Government should also
give priority attention to public key infrastructure(PKI) issues,such as the
liability of certification authorities.Other than becoming a model user,it sho
uldn\'t magogotem at this time.The market should b
e left to make its own choices.


4.Corporate Bonds
As the name indicates,corporate bonds are issued by corporations,Corporati
on bonds are classified by the type of issuer. The four general classif
ications used by bond information services are1)utilities,(2)transportation
s,(3)industrials,and(4)banks and finance companies.First breakdowns are often
to create more homogeneous groupings.For example,utilities are subdivided into
electric power companies,gas distribution companies,water companies,and commu
nication companies.Transportation are divided further into airlines.railroads,
and trucking companies.Industrials are the catchall class,and the most hetero
geneous of the groupings with respect to investment characteristics.Industrial
s include all kinds of manufacturing,merchandising,and service companies.
The promises of a corporate bond issuer and the rights of investors are s
et forth in great detail in a contract called a bond indenture .Failure to pay
either the principal or interest when due constitutes legal default and cour
t proceedings can be instituted to enforce the contract .Bondholders,as credit
ors,have a prior legal claim over preferred and common stockholders as to bot
h income and assets of the corporation for the principal and interest due them
In a typical corporate bond ,there are options embedded in the issue.An e
mbedded option is part of the structure of a bond,as opposed to a \"bare option
\",which trades separeately from any underlying security.
Most corporate bonds are term bonds,that is ,they run for a term of year
s and then become due and payable.Term bonds are ofen referred to as \"bullet--
maturity\" or simply \"bullet\" bonds.The term may be long or short.As with Treas
ure secutities,obligations due less then ten years from the date of issue are
called notes.Term bonds may be retired by payment at final maturity or retire
d prior to maturity if provided for in the indenture.Some corporate bond issue
s are so arranged that specified principal amounts become due on specified dat
es.Such issues are called serial bonds.


5.warranties on the Sale of a Business
The sale of a business is a transaction which involves the sale of a varied co
llection of assets having differrent characteristics:
(a)some of the assets will be physical goods,such as stock,machinery and equi
pment ;
(b)usually there will be freehold of leasehold properties to be transferred;

(c)intangible assets will include the goodwill of the business,debtors and ,co
mmonly,intellectual property rights.
(d)rights may be sold,such as to the current order berrorly asset
s in the nomal sense.
The transaction will not normally involve the purchaser in taking over liabili
ties and these will not generally pass unless there is an express acceptance b
y the purchaser.This broad principle needs,however,to be qualified in a number
of respects:
(1)Liabilities in relation to properties may run with the land and accordingly
automatically bind the purchaser.
(2)Certain obligations to the emplyees of a business which is sold as a going
concern pass under the Transfer of Undertaking (Protection of Employment)Regul
ations 1981.
(3)Partly completed goods,the manufacture of which is completed by the purchas
er,will give rise to a liability on the purchaser if they prove to be defectiv
e envn though the defect arises from work done by the vendor.
(4)From a practical point of view,it is often necessary for the purchaser to p
erform warranty obligations of the vendor in relation to goods sold slightly b
efore the transfer of the business.
Despite these exceptions,the general rules is that the purchaser does not take
over any liabilities of the business for which it does not wish to be respons
ible.This significantly affects the scope of the wanrranties which the purchas
er will seek and,broadly,the warranties on share sales dealing with liabilitie
s ,and in particular those concerning taxation, will be unnecessary.Neverthele
ss,not all liabilities are irrelevant in determining whether the purchaser has
acquired what it thought it was buying :
(1)The purchaser will wish to be sure that accounts of the vendor correctly r
eflect the profitability of the business and that liabilities reducing the pr
ofits are fully taken into account.
(2)Disputes with suppliers and customers could adversely affect the goodwill o
f the business.
(3)Employees who are dissatisfied because they have outstanding claims of whic
h the purchaser is not aware could cause problems for the purchaser of such si
gnificance that it could find itself effectively forced to meet the liabilitie
s even though it has no legal responsibility.
16#
 楼主| 黎明前的荣耀 发表于 08-5-30 19:51:12 | 只看该作者
2000年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试国际贸易综合试题


一 简单准确解释下列名词(3分/题,共24分)
1. 市场失灵
2. 机会成本
3. 李嘉图的比较成本说
4. 规模报酬
5. 欧洲货币市场
6. 加工贸易
7. 反倾销税
8. 联系汇率制

二 以下各题的答案中,只有一个是合适的,请选择你认为合适的答案,并在编号字母上划
“√”号(1分/题,共10分)
1.外汇的购买者或出卖者在合约的有效期内任何一天,只可要求银行实行交割的外汇业务
是:
A.择期业务                               B。期权业务
C.远期外汇业务                           D。掉期业务

2.以下外汇风险管理方法中,可同时消除时间和货币风险的方法是:
A.借款法                                 B。远期合同法
C.提前收付法                             D。投资法

3.下列各项中,( )不是构成共同海损的条件。
A. 共同海损的危险必须是真实存在的,并威胁到船货的共同安全
B. 采取的牺牲是有意识的,而且是合理的
C. 所付出的牺牲和支付的费用产生了效果
D. 共同海损必须是船和货都遭受了损失

4.本票和汇票的区别在于:
A. 本票是书面支付承诺,汇票是书面支付命令
B. 本票都是即期付款,汇票有远期即期之分
C. 本票的付款人都是银行,汇票的付款人不一定是银行
D. 本票的付款是有条件的,汇票的付款是无条件的

5.李斯特提出保护的对象是:
A.农业                                   B。能与外国产品竞争的产业
C.不能与外国产品竞争的幼稚产业           D。传统工业

6.世界贸易组织于(  )建立并运行:
A.1947                                   B。1993
C.1994                                   D。1995
7.经济学中的“短期”和“长期”是根据下列哪一个条件划分的:
A.生产周期的时间长短                     B。生产要素在一定时期内是否可全部调整

C.产量在一定时期内是否可以调整           D。生产规模在一定时期内是否可以调整


8.正常商品价格上升导致需求减少的原因在于:
A.替代效应使需求量增加,收入效应使需求量减少
B.替代效应使需求量增加,收入效应使需求量增加
C.替代效应使需求量减少,收入效应使需求量减少
D.替代效应使需求量减少,收入效应使需求量增加

9. 洛美协定是欧盟与(  )签署的特殊贸易优惠协定。
A.非洲发展中国家                          B。加勒比地区发展中国家
C.非洲、加勒比和太平洋发展中国家          D。南太平洋发展中国家

10.当一国经济处于IS曲线左侧,LM曲线右侧时:
A.I>S, L>M                                B. I>S,  L<M
C. I<S, L<M                                 D. I<S, L>M

三 下列各题的答案中,有若干个是合适的,请选择你认为合适的答案,并在括号内划上“
√”号。(1分/题,共10分)(说明:括号本来在字母前面,这里没有打出来)
1.公共产品与私人产品的区别为:
A. 公共产品是由政府提供,私人产品是由私人提供
B. 公共产品的消费者是公共部门,私人产品的消费者是私人经济行为者
C. 公共产品的消费具有非排他性,私人产品的消费具有排他性
D. 公共产品的消费具有非抗争性,私人产品的消费具有抗争性

2.周期性失业是指:
A. 由于某些行业生产的季节性变动所引起的使用
B. 由于劳动力市场结构的特点,劳动力的流动不能适应劳动力需求的变动所引起的失业

C. 由于总需求不足所引起的短期失业
D. 由于在现行工资水平和工作条件下仍找不到工作的失业

3.下列有关分期装运(shipment by installment)的说法中,与惯例的规定相符的是:

A. 规定分期装运时,只需在条款中规定允许或不允许
B. 分期装运条款中要规定每批货的数量和交货时间
C. 规定分期装运时,每批货的交货数量必须相等]
D. 任何一期未按规定装运,信用证从该期开始作废

4.当被保险人投保水渍险时,保险人承保的范围包括:
A. 保险标的实际全损和推定全损
B. 因意外事故导致的部分损失
C. 因自然灾害导致的部分损失
D. 外来风险所造成的货物损失

5.总需求曲线上国民收入与价格水平的配合要求:
A. 国民收入与价格同方向变动
B. 国民收入与价格反方向变动
C. 商品市场和货币市场同时均衡
D. 利率和名义货币供给量保持不变

6.一国的国际储备通常包括:
A. 该国保有的可兑换货币及其表示的支付凭证和信用凭证
B. 居民手中的外汇
C. 在IMF的储备头寸
D. 特别提款权

7.保护贸易的利益主要有:
A. 增加国内就业
B. 形成相互有利的国际分工
C. 促进竞争,组织垄断
D. 有利于贸易条件的改善

8.与固定汇率制度相比,浮动汇率制度的主要优点有:
A. 汇率能发挥其调节国际收支的杠杆作用
B. 有助于消除外汇投机
C. 减少对外汇储备的需要
D. 有助于保持货币政策的稳定性

9.在均衡国民收入水平上
A. 计划投资等于非计划投资
B. 存货投资等于零
C. 非计划存货投资等于零
D. 计划存货投资等于非计划存货投资

10.下列离岸金融中心中,属于集中性中心的是:
A. 伦敦
B. 香港
C. 新加坡
D. 国际银行设施

四 判断下列各题的叙述是否正确,正确的在括号内划勾,错误的划叉。(1分/题,共8分

1.有差别存在就会有垄断,但有差别的产品之间并不存在垄断。  ( )
2.垄断厂商在实现短期均衡时,可能会出现亏损,即经济利润为负。 ( )
3.国际商会新颁布的《2000通则》中规定,按照FAS条件成交时,由买方自负风险和费用
办理货物出口的清关手续。( )
4.马克思指出:“对外贸易的扩大,虽然在资本主义生产方式的幼年时期是这种生产方式
的基础,但在资本主义生产方式的发展中,由于这种生产方式的外在必然性,由于这种生
产方式要求不断扩大市场,它成为这种生产方式本身的产物”。 ( )
5.晚期重商主义也为贸易平衡论。 ( )
6.托收方式下,银行只是作为受托人替出口人收款,他没有检查单据的义务,因此,如果
出口人出具伪造单据,造成进口人的损失,银行不承担责任。 ( )
7.在寄售方式下,寄售人和代销人之间签定的寄售协议属于行纪合同的性质。 ( )
8.汇率变化会对所有的外币资产或负债产生影响,因而,所有的外币资产和负债都要承担
风险。 ( )

五 填空(1分/空, 共9分)
1. 外汇风险可以分为会计风险、_________和__________三种。
2. 哈罗德认为一个国家的经济增长率取决于_________和_____________。
3. 生产要素的需求特点主要表现为_______,________。
4. 根据美国《1988年综合贸易法》,如果发现别国侵犯了美国的知识产权,可引用____
__进行报复。
5. 对于单个厂商来说,只有在________市场结构中,厂商的平均收益、边际收益和____
_才相等。

六 回答以下两个问题 (6分/题,共12分)
1.在80年代以前,美国农产品的需求主要来自其他国家,据统计1981年美国的小麦供给为
:QS=1800+P
小麦的总需求为:QD=3550-266P
小麦的国内需求为:Qd=1000-46P
试中价格的单位为美元/蒲式耳,数量为百万蒲式耳/年,试分析:
(1) 小麦的市场均衡价格和数量为多少?
(2) 若小麦的出口需求下降了40%,美国小麦的市场价格会发生什么变化?为什么美国农
民为此担忧?
(3) 1985年美国政府价格支持计划使小麦价格维持在3美元/蒲式耳,如果没有出口需求
,政府应每年购买多少小麦?这将使政府每年花费多少钱?

2.假设某经济的消费函数为:C=100+0.8Y
其中Y为国民收入,投资I=100,政府购买支出G=200,政府转移支付TR=62.5(单位为10亿
美元),税率t=0.25
(1) 求出均衡国民收入。
(2) 求出投资和政府税收乘数
(3) 当政府将一笔支出用在政府购买上对国民收入的影响是否和将这一笔支出用在政府
转移支付上对国民收入的影响一样?为什么?

七 论述下列问题 (7分)
1. 按我国新颁布的《合同法》的规定,合同可以以什么形式订立?合同中应包括哪些条
款?

八 回答以下两个问题(请将每题的叙述限制在1000字以内。10分/题,共20分)
1. 李嘉图提出“比较成本说”的前提条件是什么?
2. 世界贸易组织的职能有哪些?
1.The Battle to Be Your Online Bill Collector
            -------------Bankers hope cyberbilling can give them a toehold on

the Net
Every year,American business sends out 29 billion bills.And by any measure,the

exercise isn\'t much fun.For companies,printing,processing and posting a tipic

al consumer bill runs about 90.And for recipients ,there\'s not only a demand f

or payment,there \'s a wad of solicitations that nearly everyone throws away.


But for banks trying to make it on the Internet,bills are cool .Bankers see bi

lls as surefire eyeball-grabbers in an environment where it\'s tough to command

consumer attention--and a key to protecting their existing business managing

cash for big companies.Increasingly,banks are battling high-tech competitors f

or control of Internet billing,or electronic-bill presentment,as it is called.


To be sure,this is a fight over a business that is in its infancy.Few bills ar

e now sent via the Net,and online payment systems often involve a paper check.

But the technology exists to send bills from business to customers and route p

ayments back on the Net.By the end of next year,industry analysts estimate upw

ards of 4.5 million households will be receiving bills online .What\'s more, se

nding and handling bills over the Net should be about 40% cheaper than paper d

elivery, says the Gartner Group, a research firm in Stamford, Conn.
The question is who will become the bill collector on the Net.Bankers reckon t

hat if they can turn their Web sites into mailboxes for electronic bills ,they

can become key entry points on the Net-portals,even.That would enable them to

sell other financial services online. The fear is that existing portals,such

as Yahoo! or even American Online,will become centers of bill payment and , in

turn ,siphon off existing bank business . \"banks have been slow to get into t

his,\" says Kenneth J.Kerr,a Garter analyst in Durham,N.C. \"But they realize th

ere is a threat here and they need to get aboard\" .
Banks have their advantages.They can offer custumers simultaneous access to th

eir bills and their money. Banks have long relationships with the billers,such

as utilities and retailers,and centuries of experience in protecting people\'s

money.
Big banks also are worried that technology companies offering bill presentment

could muscle into one of their fastest-growing business-managing cash for big

companies. After all ,distributing and collecting bills is a close cousin to

cash management.
At this point,predicting how the industry will shake out is premature . Banks

and technology companies already have formed several alliances aimed a deliver

ing bills on the net. More combinations are likely . What\'s clear, though , is

the banks know they are running out of time to get their Internet billing act

together.
_____From Business Week/July 19,1999

2.Principles of Regulation
The following quotation describes the scope of regulation and how it affects i

ndividuals and businesses participating in a market.
\"All market and transactions are in practice regulated by some kind of governm

ent laws or regulations , and without regulations of any kind,most markets and

types of transactions would cease to exist.Without laws, the terms of many ty

pes of agreement and transaction between individuals would be unenforceable an

d would cease. The choice facing individuals and society is not between regula

tion and no regulation ; it is how much regulation and what kinds of regulatio

n are desirable.\"
This description portrays regulation as fully encompassing the systems of gove

rnment and law with the power to control all markets and transactions . Econom

ists and politicians would typically take a much narrower view of regulation,c

oncentrating more on the targets of regulatory action or the regulatory proces

s itself. An economist, focusing on the  targets of regulatory action, might d

escribe regulation as government policy that exerts control over a firm to eli

cit a desired behavior as a producer of goods or employer of labor. An economi

st or politician focusing on regulatoty process, however, might express a view

similar to the following:
\"Through regulation,society attempts to substitute the decidion-making process

of a regulatory commission for the action of the market mechanism...It is cle

ar that the\'process\' of regulation is to substitute administrative judgment fo

r market-place judgement. In effect, an economic environment of legal rules an

d regulations is used as a surrogate for the free market,and economic decision

s are made by a political process.\"
The above description portrays regulation as a political process, substituting

asministrative judgement for marketplace judgement. The description identifie

s the important interaction between regulation and the market and raised an im

portant issue:when, if at all, should marketplace judgment be replaced with as

ministrative judgement?
Various answers to this question have been proposed. Of primary importance is

the market being considered. Different market require different amounts and ty

pes of regulation.
____From The Regulation of Insurance

3.Intervention Arrangements in the European Monetary System
Bilateral exchange rates within the European Monetary System have never been l

iterally fixed; rather, they have fluctuated within specified limits called ma

rgins. Since August 1993 the margins for most bilateral exchange rates have be

en +_15 percent,although they were narrower before then. Each participating cu

rrency is also assigned a \"central\" exchange rate against the European Union c

urrencies. When a currency\'s market xchange rate against the ECU diverges suff

iciently from its cegogo the currency is e

xpected to intervene and possibly take other actions to correct the situation.


In return for contributing 20 percent of their gold and dollar holdings to a E

uropean Monetary Institute,central bank in the EMS receive equivalent holding

of ECUs. ECUs can be used, along with other types of international reserves, t

o purchase domestic currency from member central banks that acquire it in inte

rvention opertations but do not wish to hold it.
Intervention burdens may be shared symmetrically within the EMS, but they need

not be. If the French franc depreciates to its lower limit against the DM, fo

r example,the French central bank must rectify the situation by selling DM res

erves; at the same time, the German central bank must lend the necessary DM to

the Bank of France.EMS rules thus call for a symmetric intervention procedure

when an exchange rate reaches the limit of its range, one in which the weak-c

urrency country loses reserves and the other gains them.
Much intervention takes place within the EMS exchange rate margins, however,an

d such intervention does not oblige other central banks to take action. If the

bank of France buys DM assets and adds them to its reserves, for example, the

Bundesbank is not require to intervene as long as the franc stays within its

margins.
In addition, the symmetry of intervention at the margins is no guarantee that

the resulting adjustments in national money supplies are symmetric.There is li

ttle at present to prevent a central bank from trying to shift the burden of m

onetary adjustment onto its EMS partners by sterilizing its foreign interventi

on.
________From c Economics-Theory and Policy,4th Edition

4.Freedom of Contract
The main principle of the law relating to commercial transactions is based on

the freedom of the contracting parties to agree as they wish. This principle c

omprises the freedom to choose whether one wants to enter into a contract at a

ll, the freedom to choose one\'s contracting party and to agree on the contents

of the contract and its general and specific terms. However, any freedom of c

ontract is necessarily controlled by some fundamentals principles of the appli

cable national law which determine how contractual rights come into being and

the effect on contractual undertaking of fraud, misleading statements, duress,

coercion, mistake or other invalidating causes. It should also be observed th

at it may be impossible to obtain enforcement of some contracts and that the m

odalities of enforcement may differ in different jurisdictions.
Generally one cannot expect enforcement of contracts which are illegal in the

jurisdiction concerned or which may have such an object that redress to enforc

ement authorities is unavailable. This is true for most illegal contracts as o

ne cannot very well expect organs of the state to extend a helpful hand to tho

se who have engaged in prohibited of undesirable activities. The same reluctan

ce may well apply to contracts which are not illegal but merely of such a natu

re that the contracting parties should have to arrange their affairs without t

he assistance of the authorities, e.g. wagering contract or games for money.
In modern commerce, it would normally be impracticable to let the contracting

parties individually negotiate each and every contract term. Instead, they wou

ld in most cases use ready-made texts appearing in different standard forms or

clauses.It is also possible to use computerized texts available for different

types of contracts. If so, it is only theoretically possible to base contract

interpretation on the actual will and intention of the contracting parties th

emselves. Such standardised text have to be interpreted objectively and refere

nce to contractual intent represents no more than a lip-service to the traditi

onal paradigm of deriving the contents of contract solely from the will of the

parties. The standard to be used is to assess how a reasonable person would u

nderstand the text rather than to examine how the actual contracting parties u

nderstood it, if they even thought about it at all. Such standardised texts or

iginate from different sources. In some cases they are unilaterally prepared b
y
one of the contracting parties and, in other cases,they are e
laborated under the auspices of various trade organisations usually only repre

senting one of the parties in a particular type of contractual relationship. H

owever, trade organisations representing both parties in the contractual relat

ionship may also have agreed on a standardised text, which is then usually cal

led an \"agreed document\". International organisations,such as the Internationa

l Chamber of Commerce, Promote the elaboration of standard texts and principle

s which could be incorporated into commercial contracts by reference, In some

cases, such standardised texts and principles could attain the status of inter

national usage of trade and, if so, they could be deemed to govern the contrac

ting relationship even in the absence of express reference.
________From Igogo, by ICC

5.The Legal Nature of A share
The issue of a share for money, or money\'s worth or in satisfaction of a debt

is the transaction by which the whole or part of the stated nominal or authori

sed share capital of a registered company is collectively realised. In some ju

risdictions a minimun or par value for each share is fixed by dividing the amo

unt of the share capital into equal parts. This technique is often reflected i

n dictionary and legislative definitions of the term \"share\". The definition o

f a share as a part or share of share capital is misleading to the extent that

is conveys the notion of an entitlement on the part of the shareholder to be

repaid the par value of the share. A share is not a debenture and is therefore

not a debt owed by the company to the shareholder. If subscribers for shares

in a commercial company do not lend the consideration to the company then the

issue of shares must, of necessity, serve the additional function of rendering

the enterprise of the company participable. The jurisdical substance of a
share must therefore be sought in the nature of the participation
afforded its proprietor by the constituent documents of the company and by co

mpany law. That substance,to the extent that it is not mandatory or generic, i

s determined initially by the framers of the revevant memorandum and articles

of association. Theoretically, therefore, a large part of the legal content of

a share is infinitely variable from corporation to corporation, from share to

share and from time to time. Practically, however, commercial necessity, secu

rities regulation and convenience may dictate some incidents of a share. The m

ultifarious nature of a share enables it accommodate commercial requirements s

uch as that for collective or pooled capital; marketable securities; limited l

iability, participation of shareholders in profits and in any surplus on a win

ding up; and the provision of workable management and control.
_________From Interests In Goods, 2nd Edition,LLP
17#
 楼主| 黎明前的荣耀 发表于 08-5-30 19:52:06 | 只看该作者
99经贸综合知识试题

注:第八题只限国贸专业考生答,第九题只限金融考生答
一,名词解释 (3分/1题)
1.国内生产总值 2.财政制度的内在稳定器 3.水平型国际分工 4.到达合同 5.外币期权 6
.衍生金融工具 7.普遍优惠制 8.外汇留成制度
二.单选 (1分/1题)
1.在一国货币贬值后,下列哪个经济现象最不可能能发生:
A.出口增加 B.进口增加 C.通货膨胀 D.通货紧缩
2.作为未执行远期外汇合约的当事人,他将面临:
A.交易风险 B.经济风险 C.经营风险 D.政治风险
3.下列有关备用信用证的说明中,正确地说法是:
A.备用信用证不受跟单信用证统一惯例的约束 B.该证的开证行不以单证相符作为付款的条

C.只有当开证申请人履约时,受益人才得到银行的付款 D.备用信用证仅在国际工程承包业
务中使用
4.按照 < <联合国国际货物销售合同合约 > >的规定,下列有关发盘撤回问题的表述中,()
是错误的.
A.发盘之所以能够撤回是因为发盘尚未生效 B.当发盘中规定了有效期时,该发盘不得撤回

C.所有发盘均可以撤回,即使该发盘是不可撤回的 D.撤回的通知须先于发盘或与之同时到
达受盘人
5.出口价格指数与进口价格指数之比,称为:
A.净贸易条件 B.收入贸易条件 C.单项因素贸易条件 D.购买力平价
6.世界贸易组织将服务贸易分为()大类
A.9 B.10 C.11 D.12
7.如果X商品与Y商品的相对价格是2:1,某人消费X商品与Y商品时的边际效用MUx/MUy之比是
3:2,为实现效用最大化,应该()
A.X商品的价格必须上升 B.消费者必须增加X商品的消费
C.消费者必须增加Y商品的消费,减少X商品的消费 D.消费者收入必须增加
8.某一时间内,X商品的替代品的价格上升和互补品的价格上升,分别引起X商品的需求变动
量为50单位和80单位,则在他们的共同作用下,该时期的X商品的需求量()
A.增加30单位 B.减少30单位 C.增加130单位 D.减少130单位
9.Leontief paradox 是在验证()理论时提出来的.
A.绝对优势理论 B.比较优势理论 C.竞争优势理论 D.要素贸易理论
10.我国现行的汇率制度是()
A.有管理的单一固定汇率制度 B.有管理的单一浮动汇率制度
C.有管理的双轨浮动汇率制度 D.由市场供求决定的浮动汇率制度
三.多选 (1分/1题)
1.下列哪些因素会使总需求曲线向右移动:
A.增加名义货币供给量 B.增加政府购买支出 C.增加税收 D.增加政府转义支付
2.对于生产函数Q=f(L,K)和成本方程C=wL+rK来说,在最优的生产要素组合点上应该有()

A.等产量曲线和等成本曲线相切 B.RTSLK=w/r
C.RTSLK=ΔK/ΔL=MPK/MPL D.MPL/w=MPK/r
3.近年来,国际海运业务中使用越来越多的海运提单是由承运人签发的()
A.一种不可转让的运输单证 B.用以证明海上货物运输合同的凭证
C.证明货物已经由承运人接管或装运的凭证 D.可以流通转让的所有权凭证
5.当对一商品实行最高限价时,()
A.生产者会生产更多的商品以缩小供求之间的差距 B.引起抢购或黑市买卖
C.产生商品过剩现象 D.商品供不应求,政府实行配给制
6.乌拉圭回合谈判中达成的 < <补贴与反补贴 > >中,将补贴分为()
A.禁止使用补贴 B.不禁止使用补贴 C.可申诉的补贴 D.不可申诉的补贴
7.运用保理业务,().
A.进出口商不需事先协商 B.出口商品的价格高于托收下的价格
C.出口商可免除外汇信贷风险 D.进出口商需事先协商
8.只有在合同到期日,客户才可以要求银行执行交割的外汇业务是()
A.择期业务 B.远期业务 C.欧式期权 D.美式期权
9.若一国国际收支的经常帐户与资本金融帐户为顺差,则该国()
A.外汇储备增加或官方短期债权减少 B.外汇储备增加或官方短期债权增加
C.外汇储备增加或官方短期债务减少 D.外汇储备减少或官方短期债务减少
10.一国实行复汇制,会()
A.扩大出口 B.减少进口 C.扩大进口 D.被国际上认为是歧视性汇兑措施

四,判断 (1分/1题)
1.长期总成本包括长期固定成本和长期可变成本两部分
2.当净出口是收入的函数,净资本流出入是利率的函数,则国际收支均衡函数BP曲线向右上
方倾斜.
3.在国际货物买卖中,当货物的风险转移给买方之后,卖方对货物与合同的不符概不承担责

4.按 < <关税与贸易总协定 > >第6条的规定,”缔约国为了抵消和防止倾销,可以对倾销的
产品征收数量不低于这一产品的倾销差额的反倾销税,”
5.自由贸易区通常之签定有自由贸易的国家所组成的经济贸易集团,在成员国之间逐步废除
关税与数量限制,是区域内各成员国间的商品可以自由流动,但每个成员国不能保持对非成
员国的贸易壁垒.
6.由于银行要扣除包装费,运费,保险费,利息损失等,外汇现钞买入价就高于外汇牌价的买
入价.
7.卖方信贷下,贸易合同的付款条件是D/A
8.一国通货膨胀加重,本币对外币的汇率必然贬值

五,填空 (1分/1题)
1.等产量曲线的主要特征为____,____,_____.
2.财政政策的主要工具包括____,____,_____.
3.由于差价税是随着国内外价格的变动而变动,因此,它是一种______.
4.1995年1月1日欧洲联盟成员数量由___国扩大到___国.

六.回答问题(6分/题)
1.为什么传统的经济学认为市场机制本身解决不了环境污染问题?你认为采取什么政策可以
解决?为什么?
2.已知某垄断厂商的需求函数为P=47-0.5Q,边际成本函数为MC=5+Q,问:该厂商的产品价格
与销售数量应分别为多少才可以使其实现利润最大化?

七,分析下列案例(7分)
1.某企业按CFR条件从伦敦进口货物一批,已向中保财产保险有限公司投保了平安险(FPA).
货物从伦敦装船后,因受恶劣天气袭击,部分货物遭受水渍损失.其后,载货船舶在运输中又
曾发生触礁事故,但货物幸未受影响.
试分析上述货物在装运港伦敦装船以后,因恶劣天气所遭受的水渍损失能否向保险公司取得
补偿.

八.回答问题(国贸专业答,20分)
1.叙述产业内贸易的特点与形成的原因

九.回答(金融专业答,20分)
1.我国某公司从日本进口机器设备一套,价值总额为1亿日元,经双方协商确定,我方可在美
元和日元中任何一种货币作为计价货币,而支付货币为日元.已知:签约时汇价为1美元=100
日元,付汇时汇价为1美元=80日元.
(1).我方最终选择日元作为计价货币是否合适?为什么? (3分)
(2).日元对美元时上浮还是下浮了? (2分)
(3).若用日元作为支付货币,多付了还是少付了多少日元? (3分)

2.某企业向某欧洲银行借款100,000美元,期限为3个月,年利率12%.
(1).该笔贷款的利息时先付还是后付,还是提用贷款后付? (2分)
(2).该笔贷款的利息时多少美元? (4分)
(3).该企业是按100,000美元还本还是按多少美元还本? (2分)
(4).该企业实际担负的利率是12%,还是多少? (4分)
1.ASIA: ONE YEAR LATER
On the first anniversary of Asia’s worst recession in half a century, it is c

lear that the geoeconomic shape of the Pacific Rim will be far different from

what anyone anticipated just a year ago. The fulcrum of growth is slowly shift

ing from a senescent Japan and stagnant Southeast Asia to a dynamic ,confident

China, President Clinton’s remarkable journey will likely mark this tectonic

shift for future histories. Consider these events taking place:
CHINA is choosing a strategy of pumping up domestic-led economic growth, in co

ntrast with the International Monetary Fund’s policy of austerity and Japan’

s weak yan-and-export push. By cutting interest rates, privatizing housing, in

viting foreign investment, and keeping the renminbi stable, Beijing is increas

ing domestic demand and growth. Certainly, China shares many of the woes affli

cting Asia-insolvent banks, lax regulatory enforcement, and corruption. Yet it

s vigor in attacking these problems and its decision to opt for a strong curre

ncy set it apart and show real leadship.
Japan,in contrast, is stick in a hermetically sealed society. Despite the rhet

oric of reform, its political and bureaucratic elites deny there is anything b

asically wrong and run the country as a pension state focused on an aging popu

lation. Problems are described as isolated , and solutions take an inordinate

amount of time. Seven years into a severe banking crisis, Tokyo is just now pa

ssing legislation to create a Resolution Trust Corp.-type unit. Meanwhile, the

unemployment rate soars to new records. Among men, who constitute most of the

labor force , it hit 4.3% in May, It is worse for the young. The jobless rate

for men 15 to 24 years old rose to 8.4%
Foreign investment should be pouring in to reinvigorate growth, but little is

allowed. Mergers and acquisitions should be consolidating companies, but few a

re permitted. Immigrants should be arriving to give new life to society and su

pport the elderly, but they are forbidden. Outside CEOs should be taking over

failing corporations, but is not accepted. As much as China is invigorated, Ja

pan is stultified. The contrast is startling.
SOUTHESAT ASIA is in agogogohed back i

nto poverty. Depression is looming. Indonesia is deindustrializing, with peopl

e leaving cities to return to villages. Chinese merchants are fleeing(up to 10

0,000 have left). Overseas Chinese capital that funded much of Southeast Asia’

s past three decated of growth is drying up.
2.FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT.
The Framework Agreement is made up of six parts that lay out the basic paramet

ers of the GATS. The six parts deal with(1) the scope and definition of GATS,(

2)general obligations, and disciplines of member states, (3)obligations and di

sciplines concerning specific commitments of member states,(4)a schedule for p

rogressively liberalizating the world’s trade in services, (5)the institution

al structure for implementing the GATS , and (6)miscellaneous provisions.
While much of the GATS is based on the provisions in the General Agreement on

Tariffs and Trade and uses much of the same terminology, the “architecture”

of the Agreement is significantly different. Unlike GATT, which provides for a

single set of the obligation that apply to all measures affecting trade in go

ods, the GATS contains two sets of obligations (1)a set of general principles

and rules that apply to all measures affecting trade in services and (2)a set

of principles and rules that apply only to specific sectors and subsectors lis

ted in a member state’s Schedule. The consequence of this division of obligat

ion is that the principles and rules in the GATS, as we shall see, are less “

binding” than those in the GATT.
3. PURPOSES OF TAXATION
Taxation schemes are usually created for three basic purposes: (1) to raise re

venue for government; (2)to encourage, regulate, or restrict local or foreign

investment; and (3)to protect consumers or local producers.
The rationale most commonly used for adopting or changing a particular tax sch

eme is to improve revenues. For example, the multinational oil companies that

discovered and developed the petroleum industry in the Middle East encouraged

the local governments to impose a corporate income tax. Although this seems ir

rational at first blush, it was a sound financial move. The countries, rather

than taking a percentage royalty on profits (which was the arrangement origina

lly agreed to), imposed an income tax on profits at a slightly higher percenta

ge. The result was an increase in income for both the companies and the countr

ies. This was because the companies could use the taxes they paid to the Middl

e East countries to offset the taxes they paid to their home-country governmen

ts.(Royalties, by contrast, cannot-in most countries-be used to offset corpora

te income taxes.) This meant that the companies paid fewer taxes at home and,

even though they were paying more to the host countries, their after-tax profi
ts were large. A second example is the value-added tax (VAT), w
hich generally produces greater revenues than a sales tax. In the last thirty

years, some forty countries have switched to, or adopted directly, a VAT.
By contrast, the most difficult tax scheme for governments to alter is one tha

t protects local products. Producers are commonly able to lobby the government

to maintain a particular scheme, even though it may run contrary to other gov

ernmental objectives. However, the protection of local producers is not necess

arily a frivolous rational for a tax scheme, even in times of increased intern

ational trade.


--

4. PAYMENT TERMS
Unless otherwise agreed in writing, or implied from a prior course of dealing

between the parties, payment of the price and of any other sums due by the Buy

er to the Seller shall be on open account and time of payment shall be 30 days

from the date of invoice. The amount due shall be transferred, unless otherwi

se agreed, by    teletransmission to the Seller’s bank in the Seller’s count

ry for the account of the Seller and the Buyer shall be deemed to have perform

ed his payment obligations when the respective sums due have been received by

the Seller’s bank in immediately available funds.
If the parties have agreed on payment in advance, without further indication,

it will be assumed that such advance payment, unless otherwise agreed, refers

to the full price, and that the advance payment must be received by the Seller

’s bank in immediately available funds at least 30 days before the agreed dat

e of delivery or the earliest date within the agreed delivery period. If advan

ce payment has been agreed only for a part of the contract price, the payment

conditions of the remaining amount will be determined according to the rules s

et forth in this article.
5. TYPES OF DIVIDENDS
Cash Dividends. The most customary type of dividend is the cash dividend decla

red and paid at regular intervals depending in amount upon the policy of the b

oard of directors and earnings of the enterprise. References to “regular” di

vidends in a charter or contract are considered as referring to a distribution

of the earned surplus in the form of cash. While dividends are almost invaria

bly paid in cash, in a few instances a distribution of earnings has been made

to shareholders in the form of property and has been termed a property dividen

d. On one occasion, a distillery declared and paid a dividend in bonded whiske

y.
Stock Dividends. A stock dividend is a ratable distribution of additional shar

es of the capital stock of the corporation to its shareholders. It is reflecte

d on the books of the corporation by a reduction in surplus account equal to t

he amount of the stock dividend and a corresponding increase in the stated cap

ital account. The practical and legal significance of a stock dividend differs

greatly from a dividend payable in cash or property. Following the payment of

a stock dividend, the assests of the corporation are no less than they were b

efore, and the shareholder does not have any greater relative interest in the

net worth of the corporation than he had before except possibly where the divi

dend is paid in shares of a different class. His shares will each represent a

smaller proportionate interest in the assets of the corporation, but by reason

of the increase in the number of shares his total investment will remain the

same. The declaration and payment of a stock dividend means that surplus which
may have been previously available for distribution or other u
ses is thereafter frozen in stated capital.
A stock dividend should not be confused with a stock split. By the latter, eac

h of the issued and outstanding shares is simply broked up into a greater numb

er of shares, each representing aproportionately smaller interest in the corpo

ration. A stock split effects no change in the stated capital or in the surplu

s account. Where there is more than one class of shares outstanding it is poss

ible for either a stock dividend or a stock split in one class to alter the re

lative voting stregogo.
6 SAVING AND INFLATION
The greater part of the research, however, has been into the relationship betw

een inflation and the savings ratio. Most of the studies have found a positive

connection between these two variables, but there is some disagreement as to

why the inflation rate should affect the savings ratio.
One theory(Deaton 1977)explains the relationship in terms of consumers failing

to perceive that actual rate of inflation. The suggestion is that consumers u

nderestimate the average price level and are therefore unduly shocked at the a

pparently “excessive”
rise in the price of particular commodities. Until such time as consumers reco

gnize the true(and higher) level of average prices, purchases of these commodi

ties will have been cut back in response to the assumed sharp increase in indi

vidual prices. Savings will therefore rise as a result of this “inflation sur

prise” effect. This theory suggests that it is unanticipated inflation that m

atters, so that the effect on consumption, and therefore savings, will be part

icularly strong in the early stages of inflation when the rate of inflation is

accelerating.
A study by Bulkley(1981) has supplemented the above theory, showing that even

if inflation is fully anticipated the savings ratio will increase as long as a

nticipated inflation is itself increasing. Even if inflation is fully anticipa

ted, workers’ real wages will still have fluctuated throughout the year, sinc

e money wages are usually set on only one occasion in the year. Real wages wil

l therefore be at a maximum when the money wage is first set, falling to a min

imum a year later as prices progressively rise. In order to smooth out his or

her real consumption pattern over the year, an individual will save more each

week early in the contract period, and correspondingly less later in the contr

act period. If inflation is constant, and if wage contracts are spread evenly

over the year, then the additional savings of some will cancel out the reduced

savings of others, and there will be no aggregate effect on the savings ratio

. However, when anticipated inflation is increasing and with it the money wage
, then the extra savings by those who have recently received hi
gher wage awards will more than offset the reduction in the savings of those n

earing the end of their nominal wage contracts, and the savings ratio will rise.
18#
 楼主| 黎明前的荣耀 发表于 08-5-30 19:53:34 | 只看该作者
对外经济贸易大学2007年硕士学位研究生入学考试初试试题
考试科目:821金融学专业基础


注意:所有答题(包括选择题)均做在答题纸上,并在每题答案前标明题号。在本试卷上答题无效。本试卷满分为150分

一、        单项选择题(共20题,每题1分。每题的各选项中,只有1个最符合题意。)

1、肯德基快餐厅的炸薯条价格是4元/份,饮料价格是4元/杯。你只有20元钱,可以买3份薯条和2杯饮料,或者2份薯条和3杯饮料。在消费了2份薯条和2杯饮料以后,如果第3份薯条的边际效用是20,第3杯饮料的边际效用是30,那么你应该(  )。
    A.喝第3杯饮料、吃第3份薯条,因为吃薯条必须配有饮料
    B.喝第3杯饮料但不吃第3份薯条
    C.吃第3份薯条但不喝第3杯饮料
D.不吃第3份薯条也不喝第3杯饮料

答:B。
思路解析:一共只能买五份,所以AD不对,因为30>20,所以选B.

2、潘富在硕士毕业后去了一家外资的会计师事务所,年薪4万元。但一年后他辞职了,自己开了一家会计师事务所。潘富自称,他的事务所每年收入10万,其中5万元支付给房东和事务所成员,2万元用于购买办公用品等。如果这些都是事实的话,那么潘富每年的经济利润是(  )。
A.8万元
B.5万元   
C.3万元
D.-1万
   
答:选D.
思路解析:会计利润就是我们通常所收的利润,也就是收入-成本费用。经济利润则是经济学上的概念,经济学家认为会计利润是高估的,只考虑了企业表面发生的成本费用,没有考虑隐性的成本,也没有考虑期末的资产升值或贬值,简单的说,经济利润就是会计利润-机会成本。因此:10-5-2-4=-1

3、近来校园餐厅的平均不变成本不断下降,这说明(  )。
A. 餐厅正处于边际报酬递增阶段
B. 餐厅正处于规模经济阶段   
C. 去餐厅就餐的人越来越多
D. 以上都不对

答:选C.
思路解析:所谓成本,是指生产活动中投入的生产要素的价格。成本通常包括变动成本和固定成本。平均成本是指单位产品的成本,它等于一定产量水平上的平均固定成本和平均变动成本的总和。边际成本是指增加一单位产量所增加的成本。本题中的平均不变成本就是平均固定成本。
在一定时期内,产量的增加,会降低产品的平均固定成本,因而会使平均成本下降。这就是所谓的规模效应。但这是有条件的。这个条件就是“一定产量范围内”。由于产量的增加,同时会使变动成本增加。特别是由于边际成本递增现象的存在,产量增加时,平均可变成本也会上升。把平均固定成本和平均变动成本结合起来,在产量上升时,平均固定成本下降,平均变动成本上升,两者相互抵销。当平均变动成本的上升超过平均固定成本的下降时,平均成本就会上升。

4、据说一些保险公司想推出酒后驾车险,即司机喝酒后驾驶机动车如果出现事故,产生的相应损失将由保险公司赔付。如果真的推出这一险种,下列情况中属于道德风险的是(  )。
A. 准备买这种保险的司机一般都有酒后驾车的经历
B. 买了这种保险后,平时喜欢喝酒的司机就更加不在乎酒后驾车了
C. 不喝酒的司机不会去买这种保险   
D.以上都不对

答:选B.
思路解析:道德风险是代理人签订合约后采用隐藏行为,由于代理人和委托人信息不对称,给委托人带来损失。保险市场上的道德风险是指投保人在投保后,降低对所投保标的的预防措施,从而使损失发生的概率上升,给保险公司带来损失的同时降低了保险市场的效率。

5、目前政府已经开始强制性征收社会保险税,下列总量中会受到影响的是(  )。
    A.国内生产总值(GDP)
    B.国民收入(NI)
    C.个人收入(PI)
D.对以上变量都没有影响

答:选C.
思路解析:根据国际惯例,社会保险税的征税对象应为纳税人的工薪收入。我国目前社会保险税的征税对象是企事业单位的工资支出与职工个人工资收入。

6、有人认为美国经济在20世纪90年代持续增长的原因在于新技术革命,这种观点属于(  )。
A.货币经济周期理论
B.真实经济周期理论
C.政治经济周期理论
D.货币主义经济周期理论

答:选B.
思路解析:新技术革命自兴起至今大致经历了两个基本阶段,20世纪40-50年代是新技术革命的形成阶段,其主要标志是原子能、电子计算机和空间技术的诞生,其中计算机技术开辟了人类智力的新纪元。从20世纪70年代开始,新技术革命进入全面发展的新阶段。其主要标志是信息高速公路,即网络技术等。网络是现代通信的新表现方式,从技术的角度来看、网络是由计算机技术与通信技术等技术相结合而成。
1991年3月至2000年第二季度,美国经济处于历史上最长的连续增长期,且经济运行态势形成了“高增长+低通货膨胀+低失业率”的理想组合。“新经济”和“新周期”概念正是经济学家对此次美国经济增长和周期中有别于传统周期特征现象的概括。目前关于此次周期形成的较为公认的观点可以归纳为:在经济上升阶段,美国经济模式的更新、新兴网络产业的发展使生产率增速加快,经济高增长、低失业和低通货膨胀并存成为现实
真实经济周期理论认为,经济波动是实际产量自然率的波动,它由技术冲击引起,劳动供给的跨期替代是经济波动的核心传播机制,真实经济周期理论的政策主张是政府不应对经济波动进行干预。

7、与货币政策相比,财政政策的(  )。
    A.内部时滞较长,外部时滞较短
    B.内部时滞较短,外部时滞较长
    C.内部时滞和外部时滞都比较长
    D.内部时滞和外部时滞都比较短

答:选A.
思路解析:内部时滞是从发生问题到政策当局意识到应该采取措施,到政策制定并开始执行所需要的时间。一般来说,货币政策的内部时滞较短。而要变更财政政策手段如公共支出、税收等则需要通过冗长的立法程序。
外部时滞是指从政策开始执行到政策对目标发挥作用之间需要的时间。相对来说,财政政策的外部时滞较短,而货币政策则是通过货币供给量、利率来间接地影响微观组织的经济活动。

8、关于平衡预算乘数,下列说法正确的是(  )。
    A.在两部门、三部门和四部门经济中,它都等于1
    B.在两部门、三部门经济中它等于1,但在四部门经济中不等于1
    C.在两部门经济中它等于1,但在三部门、四部门经济中不等于1
D.在两部门、三部门和四部门经济中,它都不等于l

答:选A.
思路解析:平衡预算乘数是宏观经济学中的一个经典问题,旨在分析在预算平衡的条件下政府支出的变化对总需求的影响,结论可归结为平衡预算乘数定理,即如果政府预算是平衡的,则政府支出与对经济影响的净效应相当,也就是政府支出乘数恒等于1。平衡预算乘数定理结论是明确的,但是,在我国西方经济学的教学过程中却引起了很大的混乱,在由高鸿业教授主编的西方经济学教科书《西方经济学(宏观部分)》中,该书的早期版本在描述平衡预算乘数时,认为该乘数应小于1,新的版本又调整为等于1。

9、自20世纪70年代开始,商业银行经营模式的发展趋势是(  )。
    A.职能分离型模式
    B.全能银行模式
    C.分业经营模式
    D.分业监管模式
   
答:选B.
思路解析:近代商业银行有两大类型,一是以美国和日本为代表的银行业、证券业、保险业分业经营模式;二是以德国和瑞士为代表的混业经营模式。然而到了现代,世界商业银行业务出现了向混业经营、全能型银行发展的趋势。这种趋势起因于70年代的金融创新,完成于80年代的金融自由化浪潮,实现于90年代金融法规的修改和完善。

10、弗里德曼强调(  )在货币政策传导机制中的作用。
    A.短期利率    ,
    B.长期利率
    C.货币供应量
D.汇率

答:选C.
思路解析:弗里德曼认为,利率在货币政策传导机制中所起的作用不大,而强调货币供应量在整个货币政策传导机制上的直接效果。货币供应量的变化是通过资产结构调整而影响经济活动的,其最终影响是一般物价水平的变动。其货币政策传递机制表示为:M→E→Pr→I→Y。

11、下列属于中央银行经营原则的是( )
A.盈利性  ;
B.风险性
C. 公开性
D. 安全性

答:选C.
思路解析:人行法、商业银行法和票据法的规定告诉我们中央银行在实施金融监管过程必须遵循一定的原则:
1.公平性原则。公平性原则就是要求中央银行在金融监管中“一碗水端平”。严格地讲,中央银行金融监管的公平性还要体现在对金融自身运行环境的保护上,它要求中央银行自觉抵御各方面的干预,铲除其他社会信用对金融的渗透和干扰,建立金融业安全稳健运行的外部环境。
2.公开性原则。公开性原则要求中央银行的一切监管活动都应置于金融乃至全社会各
界监督之下,金融监管的各项措施。命令和规章也应公开,以增加各项工作的透明度。
3.公正性原则。公正性原则要求中央银行的金融监管,必须公平、严肃、正确。

12、在债券票面利率已定的情况下,可以通过调整(  )来调整债券的实际收益率。
    A.发行规模
    B.发行价格
    C.发行机构
D.发行时间

答:选D.
思路解析:名义收益率是票面利率,实际收益率是剔除通货膨胀因素后的收益率。实际收益率=((1+名义收益率)/(1+通货膨胀率))-1。因为发行时间不同,通货膨胀率不同,所以选D。

l3、如果存在通货膨胀预期,通常会导致(  )。
    A.名义利率上升
    B.名义利率下降
    C.实际利率上升
D.实际利率不变

答:选A.
思路解析:一般来讲,在货币市场上:名义利率=实际利率+通货膨胀率。由于实际利率并没发生变化,所以通货膨胀预期会导致名义利率的上升。

14、利率与有价证券价格呈负相关关系,当利率上升时,有价证券价格下降,但长期有价证券价格下降幅度(  )。
    A.小于短期有价证券价格
    B.大于短期有价证券价格
    C.与短期有价证券变化相同
D.与短期有价证券价格变化没有确定的关系

答:选B.
思路解析:利率风险对不同偿还期有价证券的影响是不尽相同的。由于长期有价证券对利率变动敏感度要大于短期有价证券,因而利率对长期有价证券的影响要大于短期有价证券。当利率上升时,有价证券价格下降,而长期有价证券价格下降幅度大于短期有价证券,即长期有价证券较短期有价证券会遭受更大的损失。反之,当利率下降时,长期有价证券自然较短期有价证券更能获取收益。

15、上市股票的柜台交易市场被称为(  )。
    A、第三市场
    B、第四市场
    C、纳斯达克市场
D、第二市场

答:选D.
思路解析: 有价证券不在集中交易市场上市以竞价方式买卖,而在证券商的营业柜台以议价方式进行的交易行为,称为柜台交易。由柜台交易所形成的市场称为柜台交易市场,又称店头交易或第二市场,英文为Over-the-Counter,简称OTC,。

16、能直接反映一国国际储备变动的国际收支差额是(  )。
A.基本差额
B.经常账户差额
C.综合差额
D.官方结算差额

答:选B.
思路解析:国际储备主要来源于一国国际收支的经常项目和资本项目的顺差。经常项目反映了一国与其他国家实际资源(商品,劳务,生产要素报酬)的转移,而资本项目则记录了一国与他国金融资产的转移,直接反映出一国参与国际直接投资和间接投资的状况以及其可支配的国际储备资产情况.在本题中其他三项都不能直接反映。

17、关于购买力平价学说,下列说法正确的是(  )。
    A.相对购买力平价和一价定律是等价的
    B.绝对购买力平价和相对购买力平价是等价的
    C.绝对购买力平价成立,相对购买力平价一定成立
D.相对购买力平价成立,绝对购买力平价一定成立

答:选C.
思路解析:C与D相反,答案必居其一。绝对购买力平价和相对购买力平价的关系是:如果绝对购买力平价成立,相对购买力平价一定成立,因为物价指数就是两个时点物价绝对水平之比;反过来,如果相对购买力平价成立,绝对购买力平价就不一定成立,例如基期和报告期的汇率都等于绝对购买力平价的1/2,这时相对购买力平价成立,但绝对购买力平价却不成立。

18、J曲线效应表明(  )。
    A.进出口供给弹性对贸易的影响比需求弹性更重要
    B.贬值对贸易的影响存在着时滞
    C.马歇尔一勒纳条件不成立
D.进出口供求的短期弹性大于长期弹性

答:选B.
思路解析:本国货币贬值后,最初发生的情况往往正好相反,经常项目收支状况反而会比原先恶化,进口增加而出口减少。这一变化被称为“J曲线效应”。 其原因在于最初的一段时期内由于消费和生产行为的“粘性作用”,进口和出口的贸易量并不会发生明显的变化,但由于汇率的改变,以外国货币计价的出口收入相对减少,以本国货币计价的进口支出相对增加,从而造成经常项目收支逆差增加或是顺差减少。经过一段时间后,这一状况开始发生改变,进口商品逐渐减少,出口商品逐渐增加,使经常项目收支向有利的方向发展,先是抵消原先的不利影响,然后使经常项目收支状况得到根本性的改善。这一变化过程可能会维持数月甚至一两年,根据各国不同情况而定。因此汇率变化对贸易状况的影响是具有“时滞”效应的。


l9、根据汇率决定的国际收支说,下列因素中导致一国货币升值的是(  )  。
    A.本国国民收入上升
    B.外国国民收入上升
    C.本国通货膨胀高于外国
D.本国利率相对于外国利率下降

答:选A.
思路解析:一般讲,国民收入增加,促使消费水平提高,对本币的需求也相应增加。如果货币供给不变,对本币的额外需求将提高本币价值,造成外汇贬值,本币升值。

20、根据孟德尔的政策分派原理,如果通货膨胀和国际收支顺差并存,那么应该采取的政策组合是(  )。   
    A.紧缩的财政货币政策
    B.扩张的财政货币政策
C.紧缩的财政政策和扩张的货币政策
D.扩张的财政政策和紧缩的货币政策

答:选D.
思路解析:孟德尔的政策分派原理是货币政策对内,财政政策对外。

二、多选题(共10题,每题2分。每题的备选项中,有2个或2个以上符合题意,至少有1个错项。错选,本题不得分;少选,所选的每个选项得0.5分)

1、鉴于北京交通过于拥挤,有人建议实施免费公交,即乘坐公共交通车辆全部免费。这一方案要想成功,至少应满足(  )。
A.人们对公共交通的需求具有较高的价格弹性
B.人们对私家车的需求具有较高的交叉价格弹性
C.人们对自行车的需求具有较高的交叉价格弹性
D.人们对出租车的需求具有较高的价格弹性

答:选BC.
思路解析:私家车、自行车和出租车都是公交的替代品,公共交通车辆全部免费后,交叉价格弹性越高,人民对于私家车、自行车和出租车的需求就会减少,进而交通拥挤得到缓解。

2、研究表明鱼的市场是完全竞争的。如果将每个渔场看作是一个单个厂商,那么一定有(  )。
A.整个市场的鱼的需求价格弹性为无穷大
B.单个渔场的鱼的需求价格弹性为无穷大
C.单个渔场的鱼的需求价格弹性大于整个市场的鱼的需求价格弹性
D.单个渔场的鱼的需求价格弹性小于整个市场的鱼的需求价格弹性



3、改革开放以来中国经济呈现出持续增长的态势,人均收入不断提高。根据新古典经济增长模型,产生这种情况的原因可能是(  )。
A.技术不断进步
B.储蓄率提高
C.人口出生率下降
D.制度变迁提高了效率

4、根据凯恩斯的消费函数理论,造成中国目前消费不足的原因可能是(  )  。
A.人们的真实可支配收入水平不断下降,导致平均消费倾向下降
B.税收制度不公平,富人的税收负担相对穷人较轻
C.公司的未分配利润较小
D.国民收入分配不均等情况比较严重


5、影响存款货币创造的因素主要有( )。
A.法定存款准备率
B.银行不良资产率
C.货币结构比率
D.超额存款准备率

6、古典利率学派认为决定利率的主要因素是( )。
A.货币供给
B.货币需求
C.储蓄
D.投资

7、在强式有效市场里,下列说法正确的是( )。
A.投资者不能赚钱
B.掌握过去的信息能够预测未来的股价变动
C.投资者始终得不到超额利润
D.股票价格可及时反映市场可以得到的完整信息

8、下列因素中,导致一国国际储备需求增加的是( )。
A.储备资产的投资收益率下降
B.进出口需求弹性变小
C.外汇外贸管制放松
D.汇率制度弹性扩大

9、在下列政策中,有利于缓解国际收支顺差的是( )。
A.扩大内需
B.货币升值
C.提高利率
D.增加政府支出

l0、根据孟德尔——弗莱明模型,下列关于资本自由流动条件下宏观经济政策效果的说法中,正确的是( )。
A.固定汇率制度下货币政策更有效
B.固定汇率制度下财政政策更有效
C.浮动汇率制度下货币政策更有效
D.浮动汇率制度下财政政策更有效



三、  简述题(共7题,每题5分)    、
1、 什么是科斯定理?

2、如果两个国家合并成一个国家,在合并前后总的生产能力没有发生变化的条件下,合并前两国国内生产总值之和与合并后一国国内生产总值有何关系? 说明理由。

3、什么是基础货币?包括哪些内容?有何特点?

4、什么是票据?票据市场的构成和特征有哪些?

5、什么是MM不相关定理?20世纪60年代以来资本结构理论的发展主要体现在哪几个方面?

6、什么是国际投资头寸?它和国际收支有何区别与联系?

7、目前国际货币基金组织将其成员国汇率制度划分为哪几种类型?


四、  计算题(共2题,第1题9分,第2题6分)
1、设一国的短期菲利普斯曲线方程如下:
π=π-1-0.5(u-0.06)
其中,π和π-1分别表示当前和上一期的通货膨胀率,u为实际失业率。
(1)该国的自然失业率是多少?
(2)为使通货膨胀减少5个百分点,必须有多少周期性失业(用失业率表示)?


2、某公司拟通过远期结售汇方式买入1 00万美元用于6个月后对外支付,公司财务总监得到的银行挂牌的汇价如下:
即期:  USDl=RMB7.8090/7.8403   
6个月远期:    1045/l000
(1)哪一种货币升水?6个月远期汇率是多少?
(2)该公司买入远期美元的动机是什么?需要支付多少人民币?


五、  论述题(共2题,每题1 5分)
1、 为什么完全竞争市场能够实现帕累托最优?


2、商业银行流动性过剩的含义是什么?中国人民银行提高存款准备金率对冲商业银行流动性的作用机制是什么?此举属于紧缩性还是扩张性货币政策?为什么?





















六、英译汉(3道题.每题10分)
                                       (--)
     Liquidity constraints can raise saving in two ways.  First,and most obviously, whenever a liquidity constraint is binding,it causes the individual to consume less than he or she otherwise would. Second, even if the constraints are not currently binding, the fact  that  they may bind  in the future reduces current consumption. Suppose, for example, that there is some chance of low  income  in  the  next  period.  If  there are  no  liquidity constraints,  and if income in fact turns out to be low,  the individual can borrow to avoid a sharp fall in consumption. If there are liquidity constraints,  however,  the fall in income causes a large fall in consumption unless the individual has savings.  Thus  the presence of  liquidity constraints  causes individuals to save as insurance against the effects of future falls in income.

     When there are liquidity constraints, the risks of increases and decreases  in  income are asymmetric,even with quadratic utility, this is why the possibility of future liquidity constraints lowers consumption. Thus liquidity constraints have the potential to explain why even impatient households typically have some savings. Researchers who have examined this issue quantitatively, however, generally find that this effect is not large enough to account for even the small savings we observe. Thus they typically introduce a precautionary-saving motive as well.


(二)
     China has continued to implement a broad range of structural reforms. In the banking  sector, progress has been made in strengthening upervision and improving bank operations, especially in the three large state-owned commercial banks, which have been recapitalized.

     The International Monetary Fund (IMF) appraised the progress achieved  in  China\' s  bank  reform.  It  noted  that  improving intermediation  of  China\' s  large  private  savings  will  be critical to rebalancing economic growth over the medium term. In this regard, it welcomed the authorities\' efforts to further improve the banks\'  commercial orientation, internal controls, and governance, and stressed the need for the early adoption of a formal reform plan for the Agricultural Bank of China (ABC). More generally,  it recommended the continued scaling-back, and eventual elimination, of government involvement in the management and business operations of the banks. It urged a further strengthening of banking supervision, in particular with regard to assessing banks\'  foreign exchange and credit risks, and noted that closer monitoring of the flow of new non-performing loans is also essential to the early detection of potential problems.


(三)
      As global payments imbalances continued to widen during 2006, discussions about ways to resolve them became more intense. Several factors account for the very large imbalances that were a feature of the global economy during 2005 low consumption and rising external current account surpluses in much of Asia; the large and growing U.S. current account deficit; sluggish growth in  Europe and  rapidly  increasing  surpluses  in the  main oil-exporting countries.

     As  the  imbalances  have  grown  so  has  the  importance  of developing a multilateral approach. Unilateral action by any one country  or  by  one  group  of  countries  could  have  negative consequences for the rest of the world. Promoting a multilateral response therefore assumed a high priority for the Fund.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
      Prospects for a successful and ambitious outcome to the Doha Round  also  raised  concerns,   which  intensified  after  the disappointing outcome of the World Trade Organization  (WTO) Ministerial  Meeting  in Hong  Kong SAR  in  December  2005.  A successful outcome to the Doha Round would greatly strengthen the multilateral trading system and so strengthen the prospects for global growth.  Conversely,  failure to reach an agreement,
or an unambitious outcome, would act as a brake on global growth and could also fuel protectionist pressures that would further undermine growth prospects.
19#
 楼主| 黎明前的荣耀 发表于 08-5-30 19:54:01 | 只看该作者
对外经济贸易大学
2006年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试
411经济学科综合

一、名词解释(每小题4分、共16分)                                       

1.        价格歧视

2.        平衡预算系数

3.        技术性贸易壁垒

4.        利率平价理论

二、判断题(只判断正误,无需改正,每小题1分,共8分)                  

1.        能够自由取用的商品是机会成本为零的商品
2.        经济租是指3.        为生产要素所支付的金额与为得到使用该要素所必须支付的最小金额之间的差额
4.        国民生产总值和国内生产总值在数值上一定不5.        相等
6.        在索洛的经济增长模型中储蓄是外生的,7.        但在新经济增长模型中储蓄率是内生的
8.        不9.        存在要素密集度逆转是要素病夫理论成立的一个条件
10.        对中间投入品征收的进口关税越高意味着最终产品关税的有效保护率越高
11.        国际收支顺差是一国增大其外汇储备12.        最稳定、最可靠的来源
13.        远期汇差实质上是以远期汇率为本金,14.        以两种货币利差为利率,15.        从即期至远期交割日这段时间内所生的利息。

三、简答题(每题8分、共32分)                                          

比较说明两个实力相当的寡头厂商在实现产量决策中的古诺均衡解、串通的均衡解、竞争性均衡解和先行者均衡解的不同?
根据总需求—总供给模型,分析近两年来国际石油价格上涨对一国经济短期和长期的影响。
简述对外贸易乘数原理
评析弹性分析理论的主要贡献和局限性

四、论述题(每题11分、共33分)                                                   

1.当前中国政府不希望改变总需求水平,即维持一个基本不变的实际收入水平,但希望通过降低投资增加消费来改变总需求的构成,你认为这需要什么样的宏观经济政策组合?请用IS-LM模型来表示你的政策主张及其对投资、消费、收入和利率的影响

2.试述有Peter.J.Buckley等人建立和发展的内部化论点是如何进行企业跨国经营动机解释的?

3.在中国建设银行香港路演前,业内很多人士对此次上市的前景不太乐观,但是在2005年10月5日,建行开始全球路演后,其股票受到广大投资者的极大青睐,取得“超过5000亿港元市值,622亿港元筹资额,近10倍国际超额认购”的业绩,完全出乎此前的预期,请你分析其中原因。

五、计算与分析题(11分)                                         

假定某国一种商品的国内供给和需求函数为
Qs=P-50
Qd=100-0.5P
在整个世界市场中,该国这种商品的市场份额很小,因此该国无力影响世界市场的现行价格。已知该商品的现行世界市场价格为60美元,该国政府决定对每进口一单位的该商品征收关税40美圆。问:
1.征收关税后,该商品的本国国内价格是多少?
2.征收关税给本国国内消费者、国内生产者和政府带来的收益和损失各是多少?
3.如果对每进口一单位的该商品征收关税20美圆,结果如何?

六、英译汉(共三段、共50分)                                         

20#
 楼主| 黎明前的荣耀 发表于 08-5-30 19:54:21 | 只看该作者
(经贸学院).国金.2005                                                   
对外经济贸易大学
2005年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试
411金融学综合试题

一、名词解释(每小题4分、共16分)                                    

1.        实际经济周期
2.        平衡关税
3.        贸易条件
4.        审慎性监管

二、判断题(只判断正误,无需改正,每小题1分,共6分)                  

1.        乌拉圭回合签署的《服2.        务贸易总协定》将国际服3.        务贸易界定为自然人流动、境外消费、商业存在、跨境贸易四种。
4.        国际商品协定中,5.        缓冲存货指6.        协定参加国通过建立战略性商品库存以应对可能发生的供应短缺。
7.        技术法规、标8.        准与合格评定程序是绿色贸易壁垒采用的一种新形式
9.        欧洲债券是一国借款人在外国证券市场上发行的以该市场所在国货币表明面值的国际债券。
10.        一国对IMF的债权,11.        该国如果想提取并用于支付国际收支逆差,12.        必须经过IMF的许可。
13.        资本帐户是按净额来记入借方和贷方的。

三、多项选择(每小题2分,共8分)                                      

1.以下属于商业银行表外业务的是(  )。
A、承兑业务     B、贴现业务     C、信用证业务     D、租赁业务

2.以下选项中,基于防范金融机构流动性风险而建立的制度是(  )。
A、法定准备金制度                      B、贷款分级制度     
C、存款保险制度                        D、最后贷款人制度

3.根据我国现行的《中华人民共和国外汇管理条例》,属于外汇的是(  )。
A、外国货币    B、外币支付凭证    C、外币有价证券    D、特别提款权

4.下列国际储备形式中,一国能主动增减的是(  )。
A、黄金储备    B、外汇储备    C、在IMF的储备头寸    D、特别提款权

四、简答题(每题8分、共24分)                                         

在研究企业的成本变动规律中,规模经济、范围经济和学习曲线对企业的成本分别有什么影响?

请指出货币政策的最终目标和中间目标的主要区别是什么?并说明在什么情况下,央行主要以利率或者货币存量为目标来运用货币政策?

简述人力资本对里昂惕夫之谜的解释。

五、论述题(12分、共24分)                                            

1.货币市场与资本市场具有不同的功能,但货币市场又与资本市场具有密切的联系。试分析货币市场与资本市场各自的功能及两个市场之间的联系。

2.2004年11月17日,美国财政部长约翰表示,市场是美圆交易的最好决定者——这意味着美国政府可能不会采取措施干预汇率。当日,美圆暴跌,而有分析家认为,下跌才刚开始。美圆贬值使得人民币升值的压力再次加大。请联系近两年我国在汇率问题上的持续压力,谈谈我国应如何应对人民币升值压力,并评价我国目前的汇率形成和决定机制。

六、论述与计算分析题(14分)                                         

已知总生产函数为Y=K0.5(AN)0.5,其中K为资本存量,A为技术水平,N为劳动力数量。假定:A为1,N以人口自然增长率n=0.1的速度增长。
写出人均生产函数的形式
根据新古典经济增长模型,当储蓄率s=20%时,求经济稳定增长时的人均资本量和人均收入。
稳定状态下的人均收入增长率是多少?总收入增长率是多少?
说明有哪些因素影响稳态的人均收入增长率?如何影响?

七、案例分析题(8分)                                                   

一投机者持有£1000,欲在国际外汇市场上进行套汇。他所掌握的3个外汇市场同一时刻的外汇牌价是:
         伦敦市场       £1=$1.859
         纽约市场       $1=EURO 0.749
         法兰克福市场   £1=EURO 1.435
什么是三角套汇
如果想获得套汇利益的话,该投机者该如何进行套汇?请写出分析及计算过程。

八、英译汉(共三段、共50分)                                         
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