南京师范大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语[专业硕士]历年考研真题及详解

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2013年南京师范大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语[专业硕士]考研真题
2012年南京师范大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语[专业硕士]考研真题及详解
2011年南京师范大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语[专业硕士]考研真题及详解
2010年南京师范大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语[专业硕士]考研真题
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2013年南京师范大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语[专业硕士]考研真题















2012年南京师范大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语[专业硕士]考研真题及详解
I. Vocabulary andgrammar (30')
Multiple choice
Directions: Beneatheach sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose theanswer that best completes the sentences. Write your answers on the answersheet.
1. When I found that my 19-year old son had got himself a creditcard I immediately demanded that he _____ the card _____ to me.
A. give…up
B. give…in
C. hand…out
D. hand…over
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：在我发现我19岁的儿子为自己办了一张信用卡后，我立即要求他交给我。give up表示“放弃，泄露”，give in表示“屈服，让步”，hand out表示“分发，拿出”，hand over表示“交出，上交”。
2. As a result of careless washing, the jacket _____ to a child’ssize.
A. contracted
B. compressed
C. shrank
D. decreased
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：由于洗得不仔细，这件夹克衫缩水缩成了儿童的尺码。contract表示“染上（恶习，疾病等），缩小，紧缩”，compress表示“压缩”，shrank表示“缩水”，decrease表示“减少，减小”。
3. Mobile telecommunications’ _____ isexpected to double in Shanghai this year as a result of a contract signedbetween the two companies.
A. capability
B. potential
C. impact
D. capacity
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：由于这两家公司的合约的签订，上海今年移动通信产业的生产能力预计能扩展两倍。capability表示“能力”，potential表示“潜力，潜能”，impact表示“冲击，碰撞”，capacity表示“生产能力，容量”。
4.No one had told Smith about _____a lecture the following day.
A. there being
B. there be
C. there wouldbe
D. there was
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：没有人告诉史密斯第二天会有一个讲座。句中的about是介词，后面应当跟宾语，选项中只有therebeing才能构成宾语。
5. The morning news says a school bus ____ witha train at the junction and a group of policemen were sent there immediately.
A. bumped
B. collided
C. crashed
D. struck
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：早间新闻报道一辆校车和一列火车在交汇处相撞，一组交警迅速赶往了事发现场。表示“相撞，相碰”应使用固定搭配collide with。
6. It is no good_____remember only grammatical rules. You need to practice what you’ve learned.
A. trying to
B. try to
C. to try to
D. tried to
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：单凭记住语法规则是不好的，你需要常联系学到的知识。句中的be动词is后面没有机会接形容词的原形，要使用动词的非谓语形式。It is no good与try是同时发生的，所以try应当是v-ing形式。
7. This meeting and the entire arrangementare to be kept strictly_____
A. confidential
B. private
C. confident
D. substantial
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：这次会议以及所有的策划都要被严格地保密。confidential表示“机密的，秘密的”，private表示“私人的”，confident表示“自信的”，substantial表示“有实力的，真正的，充实的”。
8. _____is the firemen rescued them in face ofraging fire.
A. It touched memost
B. Most touchedme
C. To touch memost
D. What touchedme most
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：最让我感动的是这位消防员面对猛烈的火势救出了他们。此句考查what引导的名词性从句做定语。
9. The tabloidalways has some _____ news reports so as to promote circulation.
A. sensible
B. sensual
C. sensational
D. sensory
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：这家小报通常会写一些轰动的报道来提升发行量。sensible表示“明智的，合乎情理的”，sensual表示“感觉的，淫荡的，世俗的”，sensational表示“轰动的，耸人听闻的”，sensory表示“感觉的，感官的”。
10.They_____ their superior soccer skills.
A. feel prideof
B. pridethemselves on
C. take prideat
D. are proud at
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：他们对他们拥有的高超的足球技艺表示自豪。表示“对……感到自豪”应使用固定搭配be/feel proud of sth.。
11. Many drivers attempted to escape _____whenever they break traffic regulations.
A. having beenfined
B. have beenfined
C. being fined
D. to be fined
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：许多司机在他们违反了交通法规后，都想逃避罚款。这里考查了动词的非谓语形式，由于罚款尚未发生，因此不能使用现在完成时，C正确。
12. The Spanish team, who are not in superb form, will be doingtheir best next week to _____themselves on the German team for last year’sdefeat.
A. remedy
B. reproach
C. revive
D. revenge
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：西班牙队尽管不在最佳状态，但是这个礼拜将会竭尽全力来一雪去年战败德国队的耻辱。这也是一道词意辨析题。remedy表示“治疗，补偿，修补”，reproach表示“责备”，revive表示“苏醒，复活”，revenge表示“复仇，报仇”。revenge oneself on somebody表示“为自己向某人报仇”，是固定搭配。
13. With _____ exceptions, the former president does not appear inpublic now.
A. rare
B. unusual
C. extraordinary
D. unique
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：由于只有极少数的反对意见，现在前任总统很少在公开场合亮相了。rare表示“极罕见的，极少的”，unusual表示“不常见的，不普通的”，extraordinary表示“非凡的，特别的”，unique表示“唯一的，独一无二的”。
14．_____ the two, Bob is_____ student.
A. Of；more diligent
B. Of; the morediligent
C. In; morediligent
D. In; the morediligent
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：在这两人中，鲍勃是较为勤奋的。表示多数中的一个要使用介词of，句中要表明鲍勃是“两人中更勤奋的那一人”，应当在more diligent前面加上定冠词the。
15. The combination of temperature andpressure _____ the densities become equal is called the critical point.
A. in which
B. that
C. at which
D. on that
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：温度和压强的密度达到相同点的组合被称作临界点。句中的先行项为the combination of temperature and pressure，关系从句的范围仅到equal而不是句末，先行项在关系从句中作主语；关系从句还原为：The densities become equal at the combination oftemperature and pressure.
16.The people _____ you were talking are Swedes.
A. that
B. who
C. to who
D. to whom
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：你当时正交谈的那些人是瑞典人。这里考查的是定语从句，句中的主语是the people，you were talking是用来修饰主语的，表示“你当时交谈的那些人”。
17.Never in my life _____ a TV program so much.
A. I haveenjoyed
B. have Ienjoyed
C. I enjoyed
D. do I enjoy
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：我有生之年从未看过这么好看的电视节目。这里考查的是倒装用法，要将主语放在have之后，构成have I enjoyed结构。
18. Foreigners are _____ to visit some placessuch as military areas, top secret scientific research centers.
A. welcomed
B. labeled
C. banned
D. proposed
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：有些地方，例如军事区域，最高科研调查保密中心等，外国人是禁止参观的。表示“某人被禁止做某事”要使用固定搭配be banned to do sth.。
19. Look at the terriblesituation I am in! If only I _____ your advice.
A. follow
B. had followed
C. would follow
D. havefollowed
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：看看我现在的情况多糟吧，我要是听了你的建议就好了。这里考查的是虚拟语气的用法，if only后面跟had done sth.，表示应该做却没有做的事情。
20.Helen apologized for _____ the party.
A. her notbeing able to attend
B. her beingnot able to attend
C. her beingable not to attend
D. not herbeing able to attend
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：海伦为她没能出席派对这件事致歉。one's doing sth 是一个动名词短语，因此her notbeing able to attend在这里是作为一个名词短语出现的。
II. Readingcomprehension (40')
Section 1Multiple choice(20')
Directions: In this sectionthere are two passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passagesand then write your answers on the answer sheet.
Passage A
The scene: Abusiness meeting between Chinese and Spanish company representatives. Thelanguage spoken: English. This scenario, where people from different cultures,who speak different languages, speak English as their chosen means ofcommunication is becoming increasingly common, so common in fact that themajority of conversations in English now take place among non-native speakersof English. It’s surprising but true—roughly speaking, only one out of every four speakers of English inthe world is a native speaker of the language.
This use ofEnglish by non-native speakers as the medium of communication between them hasbeen given a name—“Englishas a lingua franca” (ELF). And for some years now ELF has been the subject ofmuch discussion among English-language teaching experts, since non-nativespeakers conversing together must inevitably use English differently to the waynative English Speakers speak it. To put it more simply, they’re makingmistakes.
That certainlyis the traditional view. Native English speakers are the custodians of thelanguage and speak it correctly. Foreigners speaking the language must becorrected when they make mistakes! However, a new and potentially very fruitfulconcept has now emerged, and that is that ELF, with all its inevitable “mistakes”,is a language in its own right. It should therefore be studied to find out howELF speakers are communication and what new forms this language is taking. Forroughly a decade research has been carried out and the results are fascinating.
The principleidea to emerge is that there are mistakes that hinder communication andmistakes that don’t know one is going to misunderstand if someone makes thecommon mistake of saying “This is James Baker, he look after the salesdepartment,” The omission of the s on the end look just doesn’treally matter. Similarly, difficulty pronouncing the th sound in thankyou is not going to prevent comprehension.
This conclusionhas important implications when it comes to teaching and learning English inthe classroom. If the s on the end of the verb isn’t so necessary, theywhy teach it? Now that’s revolutionary idea that fills most English-languageteachers with horror. You can’t desecrate the English language like that. But aweaker version of the same idea might be not to place too much importance onthat s in the classroom. In other words, the task for language expertsand the teacher is to work out which elements of English-language grammar, evenat the lower level, can safely be skimmed over. The fact is the ELF speakersare at this moment deciding this for themselves.
1.Research shows that _____.
A. most peoplewho speak English didn’t speak English as children
B. businesspeople all over the world speak English
C. most businesspeople who aren’t English have difficulty speaking it
D. most peoplewho speak English come from America, Britain or Australia
2. The use of English as lingua franc takesplace between _____.
A. Americans,the British, Australians and foreigners
B. nativeEnglish speakers and non-native English speakers
C. all speakersof English
D. people whodidn’t speak English at home as children
3. English-language teaching experts nowsee ELF as _____.
A. full ofmistakes
B. different tonormal English in some ways
C. difficult tounderstand
D. unimportant
4.Research in ELF shows that _____.
A. mistakes areunimportant
B. ELF speakers don’tworry about mistakes
C. some mistakesare unimportant
D. ELF speakersalways forget to put the s on the end of a verb
5. English-language teachers and experts_____.
A. shouldn’tteach the s ending
B. will alwaysinsist that English is spoken correctly
C. need todecide which parts of English grammar aren’t important
D. cannot decidewhat grammar to teach
【答案与解析】
1.A 文章第一段最后一句话写到“…roughly speaking, only one out of every four speakers of English inthe world is a native speaker of the language.”由此可见，世界上讲英语的人中只有四分之一的人母语为英语，大部分讲英语的人母语都不是英语，A正确。
2.D 文章第二段第一句话写到“This useof English by non-native speakers as the medium of communication between themhas been given a name-“English as a lingua franca”(ELF)”由此可见ELF代表那些母语不是英语但会英语的的人，D正确。
3.B 文章第二段第二句话写到“…since non-native speakers conversing together must inevitably useEnglish differently to the way native English Speakers speak it.”由此可见，ELF和正规的英语比起来有差别，B正确。
4.C 文章第三段列举了在ELF中，第三人称单数动词后面的s经常被忽略掉，并且发th的音也不尽相同。但后面作者又接着写到“The omission of the s on the end look justdoesn’t really matter. Similarly, difficulty pronouncing the th sound inthank you is not going to prevent comprehension.”这说明有些错误并不重要，C正确。
5.C 文章最后一段第六句话写到“In otherwords, the task for language experts and the teacher is to work out whichelements of English-language grammar, even at the lower level, can safely beskimmed over.”由此可见，英语语言教学专家应当仔细研究哪些语法规则可以被省略不教，并确保这样的省略不会造成问题，C正确。
Passage B
One of the mostimportant things to consider before buying any property is the location,because it is where you plan to spend a large part of your life or the rest ofyour life in some circumstances. Therefore consider the type of life you enjoyleaning. Are you a very sociable person who enjoys nightclubs and discos? Ifso, then you may wish to consider something close to a city, or indeed, in acity where it is convenient for all types of nightlife.
On the otherhand, if you like me you prefer a quieter life, then you may what to considersomething away from the city. However, do remember that proximity to your placeof work is also important. Indeed, we spend most of our life at work, and you don’twant to have to spend two or more hours every day travelling to work now, doyou? Therefore transport is of the utmost importance. City suburbs, however,are often conveniently located for commuting to work, or for shopping, withoutbeing in the heart of a busy city.
You may, however,think that a house in the suburbs would be far too expensive. Yet house locatedin cities can often exceed the price of suburban houses. So check out theprices. You may be surprised.
Family isanother important consideration. You may prefer a house that is away from busystreet or main road. And, of course, remember that children have to attendschool: is there a good school in the area, or would your children have totravel a long distance to get to school? Therefore, if you have children or youplan to have children, location is a very important factor. And of course,remember that a family influences the size of the property.
There are, ofcourse, various types of houses. There are detached houses, which stand alone,and are not joined by another building. Then there are semi-detached house,which, incidentally, are the most common. And for good reason, because they areless expensive than detached houses. This is because they are, in fact, twohouses joined together, and therefore take up less space. And finally there aretown houses, which are many houses joined together to form a long row. But don’tthink that town houses are less expensive than semi-detached houses. Theyrarely are. This is because they are usually built in cities where the propertyis very expensive indeed.
The age ofproperty is another consideration. If you’re considering buying an old house,beware: you may be faced with expensive repairs and renovation bills. So havethe house thoroughly checked by a professional surveyor before you decide tobuy. But then again there are things you can look for yourself—things such as the condition ofthe woodwork, especially doors and windows that can be expensive to replace.But more importantly make sure all the fixtures and fittings, things such ascupboards, sinks, taps and bath tubs are all in good working order becausereplacing kitchens and bathrooms can be a very costly business.
And don’t forgetthe garden, if the property has one. If you enjoy gardening, then fine. But ifyou don’t enjoy gardening then you may prefer a small garden, opposed to a bigone. But even if you do enjoy gardening it is important to remember thatgardens take up a lot of your time. So keeping a garden in good order may bevery difficult if you work long hours.
One final thingis the general feel of the place. Does it have a good atmosphere? And mostimportantly of all, would feel comfortable living there?
6. According to the article, it is important to consider manyfactors except_____ when buying a property.
A. location
B. lifestyle
C. work
D. friends
7.Houses in cities are _____.
A. moreexpensive than houses in the suburbs
B. lessexpensive than houses in the suburbs
C. of the sameprice as houses in the suburbs
D. not of asgood quality as houses in the suburbs
8.If you have children, _____.
A. they have totravel long distances to get to school
B. think aboutthe local environment
C. they areimportant
D. you need tofind a good school.
9. According to the article, when buying an old house you should payparticular attention to _____.
A. replacing thewoodwork
B. expensiverepairs
C. kitchen andbathroom
D. cupboards
10. According to the article, gardens canbe _____.
A. timeconsuming
B. often verysmall
C. veryenjoyable 　
D. very boring
【答案与解析】
6.D 文章第一段提到了买房的位置是一个重要的因素；第二段从不同的生活方式入手，写到了喜欢热闹和喜欢安静的人的不同的选择；第四段写到了家庭生活对买房的影响；接下来的几段分别从房屋的种类、年龄以及是否带花园入手，谈论了买房应当考虑的事宜。全文没有谈论朋友对于买房的影响，D错误。
7.A 文章第三段第一句话写到“…that ahouse in the suburbs would be far too expensive. Yet house located in citiescan often exceed the price of suburban houses.”由此可见，尽管郊区的房子已经很贵了，城里的房价经常还会赶超郊区的房价。A正确。
8.B 文章第四段第四句话写到“Therefore,if you have children or you plan to have children, location is a very importantfactor.”由此可见，倘若家里有孩子，当地的环境是十分重要的。故B正确。
9.B 文章第六段主要谈论了房屋的使用年限问题。写到了如果购置一间老房子，那么在翻新和整修的事情上将会花费很多钱，B正确。
10.A 文章第七段第三句话写到“But evenif you do enjoy gardening it is important to remember that gardens take up alot of your time.”这说明整理花园通常会耗费大量的时间，A正确。
Section 2 Answeringquestions (20')
Directions: Read thefollowing two passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questionswhich follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have justread and write your answers on the answer sheet.
Questions 1-3
Most peopleconsider dieting to mean eating less in order to lost weight. This, however, isonly partially true, because people diet for different reasons, includingmedical reasons, such as diabetes, and ethical reasons such as vegetarianism.However, there is also dieting to stay healthy whilst living on a low budget.
What you want toaim for is a nutritionally balanced diet without overeating, which is, in fact,a common problem. Indeed, many people overeat without even realizing it. So,dispense with large meals and above all fast foods.
Fast foods maybe convenient, but they have little nutritional value. They are full of fatsthat are very unhealthy but contain little in the way of proteins and mineralsthat your body needs. That is why you can feel hungry shortly after eating fastfoods. So, avoid them!
Rice and pastais cheap, easy to cook and makes a delicious meal if used with the correctingredients. It is also very healthy because it is high in essentialcarbohydrates which are essential for providing you with energy. But don’t eattoo much because carbohydrates are stored by the body in the form of fat. Fruitis another very good source of vitamins and minerals. And the good news is thatyou can eat as much fruit or vegetables as you wish, without getting fat in theprocess. But always remember to wash fruit thoroughly before eating becauseoften they are coated in chemical pesticides that are highly poisonous.
Meat is anexcellent source of protein, which is essential for a healthy body. But toomuch meat is bad for you, especially red meat such as lamb, beef and pork. Sodon’t eat too much. One or two times a week is fine, but don’t eat it everyday. White meat, such as chicken, however, is much healthier. And the good newsis that it’s a lot cheaper than red meat, so you can eat more of it. Again,however, two or three times a week is fine.
You need to aimfor a well balanced diet. And fish is a healthy alternative to meat. Onceagain, however, avoid fried fish. Steamed or boiled fish is far better for you.And you can eat as much fish as you like without any danger of putting onweight. The same goes for vegetables that are full of vitamins and minerals andessential for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. But don’t overlook them. One ofthe biggest problems is that people cook vegetables for too long and lose muchof the natural goodness. Vegetables only need to be cooked for a few minutes ata time. But boil them don’t fry them, because, once again, fried food containsa lot of unhealthy fat.
May people avoideating bread because of fear of putting on weight. But let me reassure you. Youcan eat as much bread as you wish. In fact, it is an excellent healthy food.But avoid white bread. Instead eat whole wheat or brown bread.
But one of themain ways of eating healthily is to avoid big meals. Try to eat three mediumsize meals a day. And if you do feel the need to eat something between meals,then fruit or yoghurt is an excellent substitute. But avoid sweets andchocolate.
1. Please list at least 6 types of healthfood that are mentioned in this passage.
2. What advice is given concerning eatingmeat?
3. How do people avoid big meals in orderto keep fit?
【答案与解析】
1. Rice, pasta, whitemeat such as chicken, fish, vegetables, fruit and whole wheat or brown bread.
2. Meat is an excellent source of protein, buttoo much read meat is bad, such as beef, lamb and pork. Instead, we shallchoose white meat, such as chicken and fish, which may be much healthier.
3. Try to eat three medium size meals a day. Ifit is necessary to eat something between meals, then fruit or yoghurt is a goodchoice, but avoid sweets and chocolate.
Questions 4-5
Our bodies andnonverbal signals are powerful symbols. Others attribute meaning to thesesymbols, as we do ourselves. The human body is never neutral in meaning to us;neither are its accessories, like clothing and jewelry. We assign labels ofthin, athletic, chubby, or fat to others and ourselves. For clothing, we say itlooks cheap or expensive, sloppy or well-tailored, sophisticated or casual. Themeaning we create from these symbols and this type of nonverbal communicationand the information we extract and interpret from the perceptions of othersshape our attitudes and direct our behavior toward them. For instance, we actdifferently toward someone with unkempt hair, an unshaven face, dirtyfingernails, and overall slovenly appearance than we would toward someone whois well-groomed and wars expensive-looking clothing and shoes. People holdtheir own biases. Some will feel less comfortable around those who have an “expensive”or wealthy look.
Biases are real.Similarly we reward people with bodies that match the beauty standards of ourculture with favorable, attention and admiration, as opposed to theindifference and disdain we show people who are obese or physically “unfit”. Inthe book Blink, Malcolm Gladwell points out research that says peopleassociate height with power, especially among men. In America the average male CEO is three inches taller than the average man.
Does this meanwe might as well not show our faces to an audience if we don’t match the beautyideal of the culture we live in? Does it mean the perceiving public willautomatically dismiss us if we are less than perfect? The answer is no; farfrom it. But knowing what meaning is created by appearance, and that we’realways communicating nonverbally whether we want to or not, allows us to atleast influence the communication we sent out in our favor, as opposed toletting it happen random in other words, if I know that the color white makesme took pale and sickly, I won’t choose to wear a white shirt that will createthis impression in the minds of my audience. Similarly, if my body type isendomorphic, and I look stocky and rotund in pin-striped suites, I avoid thepattern ad choose a more flattering garment.
The importantthing to remember is that our objective is not to change deeply ingrainedcultural perceptions. Our goal, when we put ourselves on that proverbial stage,is to influence people to like us, believe us, trust us, or follow us.Confidence is the foundation to accomplishing this.
4. Why would our appearance and dress beimportant according to the passage?
5. What should we do if our faces do notmatch the beauty ideal of the culture we live in?
【答案与解析】
4. Firstly, our appearance and nonverbal signalsare powerful symbols and these symbols and this type of nonverbal communicationand the information we extract and interpret from the perceptions of othersshape our attitudes and direct our behavior toward them.
5. Firstly, we will not be dismissed if we areless than perfect. We should know it clearly that we are always communicatingnonverbally whether we want or not, at least we sent out influence other thanletting it happen random in other words. Lastly, it is important to rememberthat our objective is not to change deeply ingrained cultural perceptions; weneed to put ourselves on the proverbial stage and to influence people to likeus, believe us and follow us. Confidence is the foundation to accomplishingthis.
III. Writing (30')
It has beensaid, “Not everything that is learned is contained in books.” Compare andcontrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. Inyour opinion, which source is more important? Why? Use specific reasons andexamples to support your answer.
Write a composition of about 400 words your view of thetopic.
【参考范文】
Not everything that islearned is contained in books
It is true that,in our life, we learn a lot from our experience as well as books. Books give ustheories that we can put into practice. In the real life we learn from ourexperiences. In my opinion, knowledge whether gained from experience or frombooks is very important and plays an important role in our life. However,knowledge gained from experience is more important than that acquired from reading.
Firstly, it iseasier for us to remember when we learn something from experience. Takeswimming for example, if you want to learn swimming, the best way is to jumpinto the water, since no one can learn swimming well just though reading a textbook without trying it himself. It is always easier to master knowledge ofcertain kind through real life experience. Meanwhile, to explain one thingclearly, books have to use a lot of words, so it is usually very abstract anddifficult to understand. Let us consider another example, in chemistry. Insteadof reading boring chemical formulae, we will carry out chemical experimentssuch as making laughing gas, and we can not helping laughing whensmelling it. Consequently, that experience will leave a strong impression on usand we are very likely to remember the knowledge learnt during that class.
Secondly, someproblems will occur that can not be addressed with the knowledge learnt frombooks. Although, we have knowledge obtained from books about how to deal with problemshappening to our work, we have never applied it to real life. Hence, even asimple problem will become a serious issue. What’s more, we will still confronta lot of difficulties which are not contained in books. For instance, comparethe man who has read the guiding book for driving a thousand times withoutactually practicing it with the one who has been driving the car by himselfseveral times. What will we have then? The difference is quite evident. The onewith more practice will be more at ease with the driving.
In short, Iappreciate knowledge gained from experience more than that gained from boringbooks. However, both are indispensable to us Moreover, when learning thingsfrom books, we should examine it carefully instead of uncritically acceptingeverything.

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