The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran ...
3.［A］ of ［B］ with ［C］ in ［D］ against
［解析］ 本题考核的知识点是：介词搭配。
本题空格所在部分由“名词+定语从句”组成，其含义是：独立于任何机构的科学家。这里主要考查的是介词搭配。independent意为existing separately and not connected with or influenced by others“独立的，不受别人影响的”，与介词of搭配，如：reports from two separate sources entirely independent of one another（根据两个完全独立的信息来源所作的报道）。independently是independent的副词形式，也与介词of搭配，如：The two departments work independently of each other.（这两个部门独立运作。）因此［A］正确。
其他介词均不与independent搭配，但可以与any institution搭配，如：They are not allied with any institution.（他们不与任何机构结盟。）Have you made investment in any institution?（你在任何一家机构进行投资了吗？）Such information should not be used unjustly against any institution or person.（这样的信息不应当用于损害任何机构或个人利益的不正当用途。）但这些介词在文中表达的含义“和任何机构独立工作”、“在任何机构独立工作”、“独立地对抗任何机构”都不符合逻辑，应排除。
4. ［A］ subsequently随后，后来 ［B］ presently马上，很快
［C］ previously以前，先前 ［D］ lately最近，不久前
［解析］ 本题考核的知识点是：句内语义+副词辨析。
空格所在句子的主干是：He helped popularize the idea，这里help (to) do sth意为“帮助做某事”；同位语从句that some diseases... were actually infections对名词idea进行进一步解释，说明其具体内容。非限定性定语从句which... 做后置定语，也修饰名词idea。再重点看空格所在的同位语从句，其主干是some diseases were actually infections，过去分词结构（which were）not4 thought to have a bacterial cause做后置定语，修饰名词some diseases。整个句子承接上文，通过叙述具体事例说明人物的特点：他曾经使一个极富争议的观点得以普及。
由于备选项都是时间副词，因此解此题的关键是找到句内的时间逻辑关系。空格下文出现了另一个副词actually，它的含义是used to show a contrast between what is true and what sb believes, and to show surprise about this contrast“（表示想法与事实不一致因而惊讶），居然，竟然”，如：The food thought to be expensive was actually not so.（食品居然没有想象的那么昂贵。）而原文中的句子相当于Some diseases were not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause, but actually they were infections，句意是：…… 认为不是由细菌引起的疾病竟然是（细菌引起的）传染病。因此，空格处填入的时间副词应与actually相呼应，强调“过去的想法”与“后来的事实”不一致。previously意为“以前，先前；预先”，如：I remember seeing him somewhere previously.（我记得从前在什么地方见过他。）它在文中表示“之前人们并未认识到一些疾病的性质”，符合文意，因此［C］正确。
subsequently意为“随后，后来”，如：The book was subsequently translated into 15 languages.（这本书随后被翻译成15种语言。）presently意为“马上，很快，一会儿，不久”，如：The doctor will be here presently.（医生一会儿就到。）lately意为“最近，不久前”，如：That kind of bird has become more numerous around here lately.（近来在附近一带那种鸟越来越多了。）这三项代入文中均不能使文意通顺，因此排除。
时间副词常常是句内时间逻辑关系的标志词，其他常用的还有：afterward以后，后来；eventually终于，最后；initially最初，开头；ultimately最后，终于；shortly立刻，马上等。
5Even he, however, might tremble at the 6 thought of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 7 suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 8 question are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.
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